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. 2019 Dec 2;9:18096. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54440-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Post-implantation in-vivo efficacy of IAS BioSphincters: Fecal hygiene of (A) non-treated NHPs displayed fecal soiling (yellow arrows) and staining of perineum; (B) after implantation, fecal soiling resolved within one month and perineum was clean; (C) sham group was unaffected and displayed sustained fecal output (yellow arrow); (D and G) IAS hemi-sphincterectomy (n = 10) resulted in a significant reduction in anal basal pressure and RAIR compared to baseline, which was sustained to 1, 3, 6 and 12 months (n = 2); (E and H) The reduction in anal basal pressure and RAIR compared to baseline was restored within 1 month of implantation (n = 6), further improved and preserved for next 12 months (n = 6); (F and I) The anal basal pressure and RAIR were remained low and unaffected in the sham group (n = 2) throughout the study. The horizontal bars exhibited mean and standard error.