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. 2019 Dec 2;9:18096. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54440-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Post-implantation histological analysis of IAS BioSphincters: The H&E stained surgical site section of NHP in both (A) non-treated and (B) sham group displayed irregular and discontinued arrangement of cells and extracellular matrix, but (C) 12-months post-implantation sections displayed regular arrangment of cells; MT stained sections of (D) non-treated group and (E) sham group confirmed random distribution of muscle cells (red) in collagen (blue), (F) 12-months post-implantation sections exhibited highly aligned and uniformly distributed muscle cells (red) in collagen matrix (blue); The immunostaining with caldesmon further confirmed the lack of muscle cells in both (G) non-treated group and (H) sham group, whereas (I) treated group displayed well-arranged muscle network; A poor neuronal network was appeared on immunostaining with βlll Tubulin on (J) non-treated group and (K) sham group compared to dense and innervated neuronal network in (L) treated group. Scale bar 500 µm (in A,B,E,F,I,J) and 100 µm (in C,D,G,H,K,L).