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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Physiol. 2019 Jan 2;8:50–55. doi: 10.1016/j.cophys.2018.12.009

Figure 1.

Figure 1

(a) Motoneurons can trigger locomotor-like activity. Fictive locomotion evoked by ventral root stimulation (100 μA, 250 μs, 4 Hz) recorded from the right L2 and left L2 and L5 ventral roots in a P3 Wild type spinal cord. The signals were filtered to remove the stimuli artifacts and were high pass filtered at 0.1 Hz. The red trace below the recordings shows the train of stimuli. (b) Hyperpolarization of cholinergic neurons in a ChAT-Archaerhodopsin spinal cord transiently abolished the rhythmic synaptic drive to motoneurons and decreases the frequency of the rhythm. Locomotor-like activity evoked by 5 μM NMDA and 10 μM 5-HT recorded from the left L2 and right L2 and L5 ventral roots together with an extensor motoneuron in the right L5 segment. The green bar below the intracellular recording indicates the duration of the light. The part of the intracellular record delineated by the red rectangle has been expanded in the panel below to show the absence of rhythmic drive for the first 10–15 s after the light turns on. The data in (b) are adapted from Ref. [27••].