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. 2019 Dec 2;10:5497. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13320-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Methane fluxes in lakes. The typical methane profile of the lake water column has a distinct peak within the thermocline. Methane is introduced into the surface mixed layer horizontally by lateral transport from peripheral water bodies (F_R) and littoral sediments (F_L) and vertically via (turbulent) diffusion (F_z) originating from bottom sediments (ebullitive flux F_eb, diffusive flux F_sed). Methane is released to the atmosphere (F_S) across the water–air interface. Biological modulation accounts for additional methane sink and source. Methane loss due to oxidation by methanotrophs is commonly acknowledged, whereas oxic methane production in the surface mixed layer represents an overlooked part of the global methane cycle (e.g., IPCC 2007¹ and IPCC 2013²) (picture drafted as after Donis et al.²¹).