Table 3.
Capability improvement after community pharmacy practical training evaluated via CPEPM outcomes (n = 646)
| Items in CPEPM | CAPEM related CAP E[18] Domaina | positive % (N) |
Negative % (N) |
Meanb ± SD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identify problems related to the patient’s medications and suggest solutions | 2.1, 3.1 | 65.3 (422) | 34.7 (224) | 2.70 ± 0.71 |
| Monitor the patients’ medication effects, compliance and adverse effects, adjust care plan as needed. | 2.1, 3.1 | 61.3 (396) | 38.7 (250) | 2.65 ± 0.77 |
| Collect subjective and objective evidence related to the patient, by performing patient assessment from charts, pharmacist records, and patient/family interviews, then recommend optimal pharmacotherapy. | 2.1, 3.1 | 58.6 (379) | 41.3 (267) | 2.60 ± 0.77 |
| Optimizing the medication use system (i.e., Create, manage, and properly dispose of pharmacy documents) | 2.1 | 48.6 (314) | 51.4 (332) | 2.44 ± 0.80 |
| Effectively manage procurement, sale, storage, and inventory control of medication and pharmacy items | 2.2 | 58.5 (378) | 41.5 (268) | 2.60 ± 0.83 |
| Understand work priorities, and carry out tasks systematically | 2.2 | 79.2 (512) | 20.7 (134) | 2.91 ± 0.67 |
| Provide adequate counseling and education on pharmacotherapy, non-pharmacotherapy, and preventive therapy | 2.3 | 64.4 (416) | 35.6 (230) | 2.70 ± 0.73 |
| Provide health education to community residents about issues including health promotion, disease prevention, drug abuse prevention. | 2.3 | 55.8 (360) | 44.2 (286) | 2.56 ± 0.77 |
| Identify and solve problems arising during training | 3.1 | 73.8 (477) | 26.2 (169) | 2.79 ± 0.65 |
| Create appropriate presentation materials and deliver it properly to the intended audience | 3.2 | 78.8 (509) | 21.2 (137) | 2.91 ± 0.67 |
| Empower patients to take responsibility for, and control of, their health. | 3.3 | 74.5 (481) | 25.5 (165) | 2.83 ± 0.66 |
| Advise patients to obtain the resources and care required in an efficient and cost-effective manner | 3.3 | 66.3 (428) | 33.8 (218) | 2.70 ± 0.73 |
| Demonstrate mutual respect (preceptor, colleague) and values of co-operation to meet patient care needs | 3.4 | 93.5 (604) | 6.5 (42) | 3.25 ± 0.64 |
| Effectively communicate with physicians and resolve medication-related problems | 3.6 | 69.0 (446) | 31.0 (200) | 2.77 ± 0.74 |
| Practice communication skills through effective verbal communication | 3.6 | 83.7 (541) | 16.2 (105) | 3.01 ± 0.67 |
| -Experience of and understanding of the roles and responsibilities of pharmacists | 4.4 | 93.9 (607) | 6.1 (39) | 3.27 ± 0.63 |
| -Realization of the importance of improving competency as a professional through practical training | 4.4 | 94.7 (612) | 5.2 (34) | 3.42 ± 0.64 |
Score: 1 (Strongly disagree), 2 (Disagree), 3 (Agree), 4 (Strongly agree), Positive (Agree, Strongly agree), Negative (Strongly disagree, Disagree)
SD standard deviation, CPEPM Community Pharmacy Experiential Education Manual, CAPE Center for the Advancement of Pharmacy Educatio
a Domain 2 (Essentials for Practice and Care): 2.1 (Patient-centered care), 2.2 (Medication use system management), 2.3 (Health and wellness promoter)
Domain 3 (Approach to Practice and Care): 3.1 (Problem solving), 3.2 (educator), 3.3 (Patient advocacy), 3.4 (Inter professional collaboration), 3.6 (Communication),
Domain 4 (Personal and Professional Development): 4.4 (Professionalism)
b Mean Score