Table 1:
Participant characteristics according to quartiles of dairy intake in the Singapore Chinese Health Study
| Quartiles of dairy intake |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | |
| Median intake, g/d | 5.68 | 9.41 | 36.6 | 252 |
| n | 4,423 | 4,059 | 4,046 | 4,420 |
| Age at baseline, y | 52.4 ± 5.9 | 53.3 ± 6.3 | 53.2 ± 6.4 | 53.1 ± 6.3 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 1,725 (39.0) | 2,576 (63.5) | 2,701 (66.8) | 3,032 (68.6) |
| Dialect group, n (%) | ||||
| Hokkien | 2,240 (50.6) | 1,933 (47.6) | 1,930 (47.7) | 2,342 (53.0) |
| Cantonese | 2,183 (49.4) | 2,126 (52.4) | 2,116 (52.3) | 2,078 (47.0) |
| Education, n (%) | ||||
| No | 652 (14.7) | 914 (22.5) | 902 (22.3) | 725 (16.4) |
| Primary | 2,131 (48.2) | 1,789 (44.1) | 1,790 (44.2) | 1,877 (42.5) |
| Secondary | 1,640 (37.1) | 1,356 (33.4) | 1,354 (33.5) | 1,818 (41.1) |
| Married, n (%) | 4,034 (91.2) | 3,591 (88.5) | 3,539 (87.5) | 3,852 (87.2) |
| Ever smoker, n (%) | 1,465 (33.1) | 834 (20.6) | 800 (19.8) | 663 (15.0) |
| Weekly/daily alcohol drinker, n (%) | 807 (18.3) | 376 (9.3) | 335 (8.3) | 428 (9.7) |
| Weekly moderate activity, n (%) | ||||
| <0.5 hours/wk | 3,482 (78.7) | 3,220 (79.3) | 3,212 (79.4) | 3,157 (71.4) |
| 0.5-3 hours/wk | 612 (13.8) | 538 (13.2) | 567 (14.0) | 820 (18.6) |
| ≥4 hours/wk | 329 (7.4) | 301 (7.4) | 267 (6.6) | 443 (10.0) |
| Sleep, n (%) | ||||
| ≤ 5 hours/d | 347 (7.9) | 324 (8.0) | 346 (8.6) | 373 (8.4) |
| 6-8 hours/d | 3,819 (86.3) | 3,513 (86.6) | 3,478 (86.0) | 3,822 (86.5) |
| ≥ 9 hours/d | 257 (5.8) | 222 (5.5) | 222 (5.5) | 225 (5.1) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 827 (18.7) | 795 (19.6) | 828 (20.5) | 835 (18.9) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 199 (4.5) | 189 (4.7) | 170 (4.2) | 270 (6.1) |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 83 (1.9) | 90 (2.2) | 86 (2.1) | 94 (2.1) |
| Stroke, n (%) | 17 (0.4) | 17 (0.4) | 21 (0.5) | 27 (0.6) |
| Cancer, n (%) | 57 (1.29) | 67 (1.65) | 88 (2.17) | 117 (2.65) |
| Daily tea drinker, n (%) | 1,160 (26.2) | 849 (20.9) | 936 (23.1) | 1,031 (23.3) |
| Coffee drinker, n (%) | ||||
| Less than daily | 1,061 (24.0) | 1,211 (29.8) | 1,243 (30.7) | 1,650 (37.3) |
| 1 cups/d | 1,517 (34.3) | 1,610 (39.7) | 1,415 (35.0) | 1,617 (36.6) |
| ≥2 cups/d | 1,845 (41.7) | 1,238 (30.5) | 1,388 (34.3) | 1,153 (26.1) |
| Soda > 2 times/w, n (%) | 669 (15.1) | 420 (10.4) | 359 (8.9) | 353 (8.0) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.3 ± 3.3 | 23.3 ± 3.2 | 23.1 ± 3.3 | 22.9 ± 3.1 |
| Total energy intake, kcal/d | 1970 ± 525 | 1366 ± 380 | 1332 ± 484 | 1686 ± 549 |
| Dairy, g/d | −5.13 ± 15.8 | 20.3 ± 4.8 | 43.5 ± 11.6 | 227 ± 117 |
| Red meat, g/d | 31.2 ± 23.4 | 31.5 ± 15.5 | 31.2 ± 14.9 | 26.3 ± 18.9 |
| Poultry, g/d | 22.0 ± 20.9 | 22.4 ± 14.3 | 21.7 ± 13.5 | 19.1 ± 16.9 |
| Fish and seafood, g/d | 57.9 ± 31.8 | 56.3 ± 24.0 | 54.5 ± 22.7 | 54.2 ± 27.3 |
| Total vegetables, g/d | 116 ± 66.4 | 117 ± 48.0 | 115 ± 47.5 | 121 ± 59.3 |
| Total fruit, g/d | 201 ± 182 | 215 ± 130 | 216 ± 131 | 236 ± 161 |
| Total calcium intake, mg/d | 303 ± 130 | 358 ± 113 | 406 ± 112 | 630 ± 203 |
| Non-dairy calcium intake, mg/d | 292 ± 108 | 297 ± 72.4 | 293 ± 69.7 | 297 ± 89.1 |
| Dairy calcium intake, mg/d | 4.31 ± 32.5 | 49.3 ± 23.2 | 102 ± 38.6 | 310 ± 146 |
| Potassium, mg/d | 1665 ± 490 | 1755 ± 333 | 1822 ± 329 | 2074 ± 432 |
| Magnesium, mg/d | 235 ± 40.0 | 241 ± 29.7 | 245 ± 29.4 | 264 ± 36.7 |
| Phosphorus, mg/d | 767 ± 131 | 803 ± 92.3 | 829 ± 88.6 | 977 ± 137 |
| Vitamin D, IU/d | 71.0 ± 50.9 | 83.4 ± 36.7 | 97.9 ± 35.9 | 166 ± 61.5 |
| Folate, mcg/d | 152 ± 58.3 | 158 ± 41.7 | 160 ± 42.5 | 172 ± 52.2 |
| Vitamin E, mg/d* | 5.89 (5.67-6.11) | 7.72 (7.48-7.98) | 7.84 (7.59-8.10) | 8.35 (8.01-8.70) |
| MMSE total score | 24.2 ± 4.1 | 24.7 ± 4.0 | 25.2 ± 3.7 | 25.4 ± 3.6 |
The data are expressed as n (%) or mean ± standard deviation.
*
Geometric mean (95% CI)
All the observed differences were statistically significant at P <0.001 except for sleep (P = 0.67), hypertension (P = 0.16), and coronary artery disease (P = 0.72).