Table 1.
General demographic, clinical and sleep symptom profiles of all participant groups.
| General characteristic | Controls | bvFTD | SD | PNFA | FTD (all) | tAD | PCA | AD (all) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (m:f) | 25 (10:15) | 19 (13:6) | 11 (8:3) | 10 (4:6) | 40 (25:15) | 27 (14:13) | 12 (2:10) | 39 (16:23) |
| Age (years) | 67.3 (7.5) | 65.3 (7.9) | 62.0 (6.3) | 69.9 (8.9) | 65.5 (8.1) | 64.4 (7.9) | 62.7 (4.6) | 63.9 (7.0) |
| Years since symptom onset | N/A | 5.1 (4.0) | 5.5 (2.3) | 4.3 (2.2) | 5.0 (3.2) | 4.9 (2.7) | 5.5 (3.3) | 5.1 (2.9) |
| MMSE | 29.5 (0.7) | 21.0 (6.0) | 23.1 (7.9) | 21.8 (8.7) | 23.2 (7.1) | 19.7 (4.8) | 24.0 (3.7) | 21.0 (4.9) |
| Medication use: (no.) | ||||||||
| AChEI | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 25 | 11 | 36 |
| Memantine | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| Antidepressants† | 0 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 19 | 7 | 5 | 12 |
| Benzodiazepines | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sleep symptoms† | ||||||||
| Time overnight in bed (hours) | 7.78 (1.36) | 8.2 (2.0) | 9.1 (1.6) | 8.4 (1.4) | 8.5 (1.7)* | 9.4 (1.6) | 9.6 (1.1) | 9.5 (1.5)* |
| Usual time of retiring§ | 23.4 (0.75) | 22.97 (1.43) | 22.32 (1.13) | 22.2 (1.09) | 22.6 (1.29) | 22.58 (0.96) | 22.08 (0.93) | 22.43 (0.97) |
| Usual time of rising | 7.19 (1.35) | 7.05 (2.25) | 7.46 (1.95) | 6.60 (1.22) | 7.05 (1.94) | 7.95 (1.38) | 7.71 (0.62) | 7.88 (1.20) |
| Difficulty sleeping: no. (%) | 7 (28) | 16 (84) | 7 (64) | 6 (60) | 29 (73) | 15 (56) | 8 (67) | 23 (59) |
| Daytime somnolence: no. (%) | 3 (12) | 15 (79) | 8 (73) | 9 (90) | 32 (80)* | 14 (52) | 6 (50) | 20 (51)* |
| Disruptive sleep events: no. (%) | 5 (20) | 8 (42) | 2 (18) | 1 (10) | 11 (28)* | 2 (7) | 1 (8) | 3 (8)* |
Mean (standard deviation) values are presented unless otherwise indicated. Data for syndromic subgroups within larger disease groups (all cases of FTD and AD) are in italics. Bold indicates significant differences between patient group and healthy controls (p < 0.05); †for patients, based on caregiver reports; *significantly different between FTD and AD group (p < 0.05); †all selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; §24 hour clock times. AchEI, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; bvFTD, patient subgroup with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia; Controls, healthy control group; FTD, frontotemporal dementia; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination score; N/A, not applicable; no., number; PCA, patient subgroup with posterior cortical atrophy; PNFA, patient subgroup with progressive nonfluent aphasia; SD, patient subgroup with semantic dementia; tAD, patient subgroup with clinically typical Alzheimer’s disease.