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. 2019 Aug 23;40(11):1373–1385. doi: 10.1038/s41401-019-0287-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — Inhibition of TRAIL signaling results in TRAIL resistance. When the DISC assembles, FLIP (FLICE-like inhibitory protein) can competitively bind to FADD and limit the recruitment of caspase-8. While Bcl-2 and Bcl-X_L can inhibit Bax and Bak, tBID plays roles in inhibiting Bcl-2 and Bcl-X_L and activating Bax and Bak in type II cells. IAPs can strongly inhibit the activation of effector caspases, as Smac/Diablo is needed to interact with IAPs to release effector caspases. Figure adapted from Fig. 2 in Ref. [7]