Table 1.
Subject characteristics, metabolic profile and dietary intake of the 90 study subjects.
| NGT | T2D | T2D-DN | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 30 | 29 | 31 | |
| Age (years) | 38.2 ± 5.7a | 48.8 ± 8.1b | 52.8 ± 7.2b | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 168.3 ± 8.2 | 165.9 ± 5.0 | 166.0 ± 6.4 | 0.281 |
| Weight (kg) | 71.2 ± 8.8 | 68.0 ± 9.3 | 67.6 ± 8.1 | 0.229 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 ± 2.2 | 24.7 ± 2.8 | 24.5 ± 2.4 | 0.659 |
| Waist-Hip Ratio (cm) | 0.91 ± 0.05a | 0.96 ± 0.06b | 0.98 ± 0.08c | <0.001 |
| Years since diagnosed as T2D* | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)a | 3.0 (1.0, 12.3)b | 10.0 (5.8, 15.5)b | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 121.0 ± 11.7a | 128.8 ± 16.2a | 141.9 ± 27.3b | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 81.4 ± 8.0 | 83.3 ± 8.5 | 87.3 ± 15.1 | 0.117 |
| Body fat (%) | 30.9 ± 4.8 | 29.5 ± 5.2 | 29.0 ± 6.3 | 0.384 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 21.3 ± 5.3 | 19.5 ± 5.3 | 19.2 ± 5.5 | 0.257 |
| Android Fat (%) | 42.8 ± 5.1 | 41.2 ± 6.1 | 40.2 ± 7.1 | 0.250 |
| Gynoid Fat (%) | 34.7 ± 4.8a | 31.1 ± 5.0b | 29.8 ± 6.b | 0.002 |
| Android:Gynoid ratio | 1.24 ± 0.15a | 1.34 ± 0.16a | 1.36 ± 0.18b | 0.014 |
| Appendicular lean mass (kg) | 47.0 ± 5.0 | 45.8 ± 5.2 | 45.8 ± 4.5 | 0.572 |
| Bone Mineral Content (kg) | 2.9 ± 0.4a | 2.6 ± 0.3a,b | 2.6 ± 0.4b | 0.020 |
| Metabolic profile† | ||||
| HbA1c (%) | 5.2 ± 0.2a | 7.9 ± 1.6b | 7.9 ± 1.9b | <0.001 |
| Fasting Glucose (mg/dL) | 85.9 ± 7.5a | 153.9 ± 68.3b | 135.9 ± 67.2b | <0.001 |
| Fasting Insulin (mU/L)# | 10.2 ± 5.8 | 11.6 ± 6.8 | 17.7 ± 20.7 | 0.070 |
| C-Peptide (ng/mL) | 2.6 ± 0.9a | 3.9 ± 1.9a | 4.7 ± 3.0b | 0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 183.2 ± 31.7 | 194.7 ± 44.6 | 171.7 ± 64.0 | 0.195 |
| HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 42.7 ± 7.1 | 39.2 ± 7.6 | 38.9 ± 8.0 | 0.109 |
| LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 122.4 ± 27.1 | 123.7 ± 34.4 | 107.0 ± 45.9 | 0.151 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 120.1 ± 52.8a | 181.8 ± 89.1b | 172.0 ± 122.9a | 0.027 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.9 ± 0.1a | 0.9 ± 0.2a | 2.1 ± 1.5b | <0.001 |
| Dietary intake^ | ||||
| Energy (kcal) | 1534 (1392, 1667) | 1577 (1269, 1907) | 1325 (1043, 1709) | 0.126 |
| Protein (g) | 47.2 (38.4, 55.6) | 51.2 (40.9, 71.1) | 41.7 (30.6, 54.1) | 0.111 |
| Protein energy% | 11.8 (10.0, 13.7) | 12.5 (11.7, 16.5) | 12.1 (10.9, 14.0) | 0.112 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 247.3 (213.9, 277.9) | 235.0 (173.0, 305.0) | 213.5 (168.1, 270.5) | 0.091 |
| Carbohydrate energy% | 66.4 (61.6, 69.2) | 61.0 (51.5, 70.6) | 62.7 (59.6, 67.5) | 0.297 |
| Fat (g) | 37.1 (30.9, 48.0) | 43.4 (28.4, 52.9) | 32.2 (25.2, 50.3) | 0.489 |
| Fat energy% | 22.7 (19.7, 26.7) | 24.1 (18.3, 29.3) | 24.4 (20.0, 28.9) | 0.659 |
| Saturated fat (g) | 11.8 (8.9, 17.8) | 12.3 (8.2, 18.5) | 13.1 (5.9, 19.0) | 0.813 |
| Palmitic acid (g) | 4.85 (3.54, 6.30) | 5.10 (3.38, 6.57) | 4.13 (2.83, 5.60) | 0.266 |
| Steric acid (g) | 2.13 (1.59, 3.07) | 2.38 (1.46, 3.22) | 1.83 (1.22, 2.80) | 0.354 |
| Monounsaturated fat (g) | 7.91 (7.52, 13.67) | 9.60 (5.95, 14.3) | 8.0 (5.7, 11.7) | 0.559 |
| Palmitoleic acid (g) | 0.21 (0.14, 0.33) | 0.29 (0.13, 0.37) | 0.20 (0.11, 0.33) | 0.379 |
| Oleic acid (g) | 7.40 (6.76, 13.09) | 8.91 (5.45, 13.4) | 7.15 (5.20, 10.17) | 0.368 |
| Polyunsaturated fat (g) | 14.4 (10.8, 17.9) | 13.4 (8.8, 17.4) | 13.6 (8.4, 17.0) | 0.818 |
| Linoleic acid (g) | 14.0 (10.5, 17.5) | 13.0 (8.5, 17.0) | 13.5 (8.2, 16.6) | 0.782 |
| Linolenic acid (g) | 0.30 (0.25, 0.36) | 0.29 (0.20, 0.39) | 0.26 (0.19, 0.34) | 0.474 |
| Arachidonic acid (g) | 0.000 (0.000, 0.010)a | 0.002 (0.000, 0.081)a,b | 0.001 (0.001, 0.011)b | 0.031 |
Data presented as mean ± SD, Labelled means in a row without a common superscript letter differ by post-hoc Tukey’s test, P < 0.05.
*Data presented as median (quartile1, quartile3).
Labelled medians in a row without a common superscript letter differ by post-hoc Dunn test, Bonferroni adjusted for multiple testing P < 0.05.
†Blood was drawn from fasting volunteers.
#Value for n = 89 (NGT: n = 29).
^Data calculated from one 24-hour recall of dietary intake.