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. 2019 Dec 2;10:5476. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13316-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Recognition and binding between MSN-AP and A-Exo in cell media and rat blood. a, b Fluorescence microscopy of the binding between A-Exo (labelled with green PKH67) and MSN-AP− (a; labelled with red Cy3) or MSN-AP (b; labelled with red Cy5) using H-Exo as a control (upper panel). Note the significant binding between A-Exo and MSN-AP (far right and lower panel in b). c, d Flow cytometry analysis showing binding between A-Exo and MSN-AP− (c), or MSN-AP (d) using H-Exo as a control. e Flow cytometry quantification showing the percentage of A-Exo captured by MSN-AP- or MSN-AP to form MSN-Exo in rat blood after 1 h of static or rocking incubation at 37 °C. There was no significant binding between MSN-AP and H-Exo, which lacks EGFR. n = 3 independent samples. f TEM image showing the binding between MSN-AP and A-Exo in cell medium. g Schematic showing the molecular binding between the EGFR aptamer on MSN-AP and the EGFR receptor on A-Exo, as well as the electronic attraction between the positively charged MSN-AP and negatively charged A-Exo. h–i TEM images showing conjugation between MSN-AP and A-Exo in blood without (h) and with (i) rocking. j Single-molecular force spectroscopy of AFM shows the intermolecular force of the MSN-Exo conjugate corresponding to the separation distance; the inset depicts that the AFM cantilever tip attaches to MSN-Exo. Data presented as the mean ± s.e.m. **P < 0.01, unpaired two-tailed t test. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.