Table 3.
The changes of calorie, protein, carbohydrate, and fat, and changes in servings of the six food groups during the 6-month study period
| Dietary compliance variables | Mean ± SD | p for main effectsa | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Exercise | Nutrition | Combination | Exercise statusb | Nutrition statusc | ||
| n | 80 | 78 | 83 | 74 | |||
|
Total energy (Kcal/day) |
Baseline | 1706.5 ± 435.8 | 1623.9 ± 480.6 | 1696.2 ± 485.4 | 1772.2 ± 462.2 | 0.945 | 0.210 |
| Changed at 1 month | 48.5 ± 294.3 | 13.7 ± 272.3 | 138.1 ± 324.5 | 186.2 ± 336.5 | 0.853 | < 0.001 | |
| Change at 3 months | 52.5 ± 293.6 | 24.1 ± 311.3 | 170.1 ± 358.8 | 162.0 ± 311.2 | 0.612 | < 0.001 | |
| Change at 6 months | − 0.1 ± 277.2 | −35.7 ± 342.8 | 102.1 ± 391.3 | 142.8 ± 327.1 | 0.951 | < 0.001 | |
|
Total protein (g/day) |
Baseline | 64.9 ± 18.6 | 60.8 ± 19.8 | 62.7 ± 18.2 | 64.8 ± 19.0 | 0.628 | 0.705 |
| Change at 1 month | −1.0 ± 14.1 | 0.4 ± 13.0 | 8.7 ± 18.8 | 9.6 ± 16.7 | 0.523 | < 0.001 | |
| Change at 3 months | − 0.2 ± 12.2 | 2.3 ± 12.1 | 9.2 ± 17.2 | 8.7 ± 16.3 | 0.549 | < 0.001 | |
| Change at 6 months | −2.2 ± 12.4 | − 1.3 ± 13.0 | 7.2 ± 18.5 | 8.6 ± 16.9 | 0.521 | < 0.001 | |
|
Total protein (% in total energy) |
Baseline | 15.5 ± 2.7 | 14.9 ± 2.7 | 14.9 ± 2.4 | 14.8 ± 2.7 | 0.298 | 0.241 |
| Change at 1 month | − 0.4 ± 3.1 | 0.1 ± 2.5 | 0.6 ± 2.5 | 0.5 ± 2.3 | 0.556 | 0.017 | |
| Change at 3 months | − 0.5 ± 2.6 | 0.5 ± 2.8 | 0.6 ± 2.2 | 0.5 ± 2.4 | 0.090 | 0.034 | |
| Change at 6 months | − 0.4 ± 2.7 | 0.1 ± 2.8 | 0.8 ± 2.3 | 0.7 ± 2.4 | 0.484 | 0.003 | |
| Total carbohydrate (g/day) | Baseline | 225.5 ± 64.6 | 215.7 ± 64.8 | 220.9 ± 60.9 | 229.5 ± 71.3 | 0.937 | 0.562 |
| Change at 1 month | 8.7 ± 40.3 | 3.1 ± 43.4 | 16.2 ± 48.7 | 12.5 ± 42.9 | 0.351 | 0.089 | |
| Change at 3 months | 6.1 ± 35.4 | 0.9 ± 50.8 | 17.7 ± 46.9 | 13.1 ± 39.3 | 0.319 | 0.016 | |
| Change at 6 months | 0.7 ± 40.3 | −5.7 ± 52.8 | 10.0 ± 44.9 | 13.6 ± 46.0 | 0.784 | 0.007 | |
|
Total carbohydrate (% in total energy) |
Baseline | 53.7 ± 9.3 | 53.5 ± 8.4 | 52.6 ± 7.9 | 52.2 ± 10.0 | 0.774 | 0.253 |
| Change at 1 month | 0.3 ± 7.2 | − 0.1 ± 6.4 | −0.9 ± 6.8 | − 3.0 ± 6.9 | 0.105 | 0.010 | |
| Change at 3 months | −0.7 ± 6.3 | −1.0 ± 7.6 | −1.6 ± 7.6 | −2.2 ± 6.6 | 0.514 | 0.188 | |
| Change at 6 months | 0.2 ± 7.0 | − 0.8 ± 7.7 | −1.3 ± 7.5 | −1.8 ± 7.2 | 0.333 | 0.124 | |
|
Total fat (g/day) |
Baseline | 59.2 ± 26.3 | 58.7 ± 24.8 | 63.1 ± 27.9 | 65.9 ± 29.5 | 0.722 | 0.074 |
| Change at 1 month | 1.8 ± 22.5 | 0 ± 16.6 | 5.2 ± 20.6 | 11.3 ± 23.1 | 0.361 | 0.002 | |
| Change at 3 months | 4.0 ± 22.1 | 1.1 ± 18.1 | 8.0 ± 24.3 | 8.5 ± 20.9 | 0.630 | 0.021 | |
| Change at 6 months | −0.5 ± 21.5 | −0.6 ± 20.4 | 4.7 ± 24.3 | 6.4 ± 21.0 | 0.738 | 0.015 | |
|
Total fat (% in total energy) |
Baseline | 30.9 ± 8.9 | 31.6 ± 7.5 | 32.5 ± 8 | 33.0 ± 9.9 | 0.540 | 0.124 |
| Change at 1 month | 0.1 ± 7.3 | 0 ± 6.1 | 0.3 ± 7.0 | 2.5 ± 7.0 | 0.166 | 0.095 | |
| Change at 3 months | 1.2 ± 6.6 | 0.5 ± 7.1 | 1.0 ± 7.6 | 1.7 ± 6.9 | 0.963 | 0.578 | |
| Change at 6 months | 0.2 ± 7.4 | 0.7 ± 7.5 | 0.5 ± 7.2 | 1.2 ± 7.5 | 0.473 | 0.633 | |
|
Whole grains (bowls/day) |
Baseline | 2.9 ± 1.1 | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 2.9 ± 1.0 | 0.989 | 0.844 |
| Changed at 1 month | 0.12 ± 0.7 | 0.05 ± 0.6 | 0.05 ± 0.8 | 0.02 ± 0.58 | 0.468 | 0.512 | |
| Change at 3 months | 0.02 ± 0.5 | −0.04 ± 0.7 | 0.08 ± 0.7 | 0.02 ± 0.53 | 0.356 | 0.390 | |
| Change at 6 months | − 0.05 ± 0.6 | −0.13 ± 0.7 | 0.004 ± 0.6 | 0.04 ± 0.64 | 0.758 | 0.115 | |
|
Beans/fish/meat/eggs (servings/day) |
Baseline | 5.2 ± 2.3 | 4.7 ± 2.3 | 4.6 ± 2.0 | 4.8 ± 1.9 | 0.534 | 0.252 |
| Change at 1 month | − 0.3 ± 2.2 | − 0.1 ± 1.7 | 0.6 ± 2.2 | 0.7 ± 1.8 | 0.445 | < 0.001 | |
| Change at 3 months | −0.2 ± 1.7 | 0.1 ± 1.6 | 0.5 ± 1.8 | 0.6 ± 1.9 | 0.411 | 0.001 | |
| Change at 6 months | −0.4 ± 1.7 | −0.3 ± 1.8 | 0.5 ± 1.9 | 0.6 ± 1.8 | 0.612 | < 0.001 | |
|
Vegetables (servings/day) |
Baseline | 3.0 ± 1.6 | 2.9 ± 2.0 | 3.4 ± 1.9 | 3.4 ± 1.9 | 0.905 | 0.024 |
| Change at 1 month | 0.2 ± 1.4 | 0.2 ± 1.3 | 0 ± 1.6 | 0.4 ± 1.4 | 0.233 | 0.753 | |
| Change at 3 months | 0.3 ± 1.3 | 0.3 ± 1.7 | 0.2 ± 1.6 | 0.3 ± 1.6 | 0.908 | 0.710 | |
| Change at 6 months | 0.2 ± 1.4 | 0.1 ± 1.9 | 0 ± 1.9 | 0.3 ± 1.6 | 0.589 | 0.936 | |
|
Fruits (servings/day) |
Baseline | 1.8 ± 1.2 | 1.5 ± 0.9 | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 1.8 ± 1.5 | 0.460 | 0.325 |
| Change at 1 month | 0 ± 1.1 | 0 ± 1.1 | 0.4 ± 1.2 | 0.4 ± 1.1 | 0.877 | 0.004 | |
| Change at 3 months | 0 ± 1.2 | 0.1 ± 1.1 | 0.3 ± 1.2 | 0.4 ± 1.2 | 0.475 | 0.035 | |
| Change at 6 months | 0.1 ± 1.2 | 0.2 ± 1.4 | 0.2 ± 1.2 | 0.5 ± 1.2 | 0.167 | 0.130 | |
|
Dairy (mugs/day) |
Baseline | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 0.805 | 0.231 |
| Change at 1 month | 0 ± 0.3 | 0 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.853 | < 0.001 | |
| Change at 3 months | 0 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.522 | < 0.001 | |
| Change at 6 months | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 0.1 ± 0.6 | 0.324 | 0.007 | |
|
Oils/Nuts (portions/day) |
Baseline | 6.4 ± 3.1 | 6.4 ± 2.8 | 6.7 ± 3.2 | 7.1 ± 3.5 | 0.623 | 0.141 |
| Change at 1 month | 0.1 ± 2.9 | 0.2 ± 2.2 | 1.1 ± 2.7 | 1.6 ± 2.5 | 0.328 | < 0.001 | |
| Change at 3 months | 0.4 ± 2.7 | 0.3 ± 2.6 | 1.6 ± 3.4 | 1.3 ± 2.6 | 0.615 | < 0.001 | |
| Change at 6 months | − 0.1 ± 3.0 | 0.1 ± 2.5 | 0.6 ± 3.4 | 1.0 ± 2.9 | 0.413 | 0.024 | |
aThere are no significant interactions between the exercise and nutrition groups for all variables; bTest for differences based on the exercise intervention status (average of the exercise group and the combination group compared with average of the control group and the nutrition group); cTest for differences based on the nutrition intervention status (average of the nutrition group and the combination group compared with average of the control group and the exercise group); dChange from baseline