Table 3.
Self-reported experience of respectful care during institutional childbirth
| Main | Manifestations/indicators | N = 342 |
|---|---|---|
| Dimensions | %(95%CI) | |
| Health system conditions and constraints | Poor physical condition of facilities (dirty delivery room) | 27 (12–49) |
| Staffing shortages (e.g. not enough staff) during labour and delivery | 24 (11–44) | |
| Supply constraints (e.g. essential medicines and supply not available) | 13 (7–21) | |
| Lack of privacy (e.g. feeling of being exposed during delivery) | 15 (4–42) | |
| Lack of redress | 5 (2–11) | |
| Bribery and extortion during facility birth | 1 (0–3) | |
| Feeling of unclear fee structures (e.g. lack of visible price list) | 19 (7–44) | |
| Feeling of unreasonable requests by health workers | 19 (7–44) | |
| Experience of any abuse related to health system conditions and constraints | 50 (31–70) | |
| Poor rapport between women and providers | Poor communication with the BA during labour and delivery | 15 (5–37) |
| Dismissal of woman (companion) concerns during labour and delivery | 7 (3–14) | |
| Had language and interpretation issues during labour and delivery | 3 (1–5) | |
| Poor staff attitudes during labour and delivery | 9 (5–16) | |
| Lack of supportive care from health workers | 18 (6–43) | |
| Denial or lack of birth companions during labour and delivery | 28 (14–49) | |
| Being treated as passive participants during childbirth | 7 (2–27) | |
| Denial of food, fluids, or mobility during labour and delivery | 4 (1–18) | |
| Lack of respect for preferred birth positions | 13 (8–22) | |
| Denial of safe traditional practices | 5 (1–15) | |
| Detained in a facility for failure to pay for services | 6 (1–21) | |
| Experience of any abuse related to poor rapport between women and providers | 46 (24–69) | |
| Failure to meet professional standards of care | Lack of informed consent process (e.g. examine without permission) | 25 (11–47) |
| Breach of confidentiality (women private information shared) | 1 (1–2) | |
| Painful vaginal exams (refusal to provide pain relief) | 18 (7–41) | |
| Neglect, abandonment, or long delays (Ignored when help is needed) | 8 (5–13) | |
| Skilled attendant absent at time of delivery | 18 (6–32) | |
| Performance of unconsented surgical operations | 2 (1–7) | |
| Experience of any abuse related to failure to meet professional standards of care | 44 (24–66) | |
| Physical abuse | Being beaten, pushed, pinched, slapped or poked | 3 (2–4) |
| Physically restrained, tied or gagged during labour and delivery | 1 (0–3) | |
| Experience of any physical abuse | 3 (2–5) | |
| Verbal abuse | Harsh or rude language, judgmental or accusatory comments | 10 (6–18) |
| Threats of withholding treatment or blamed for poor birth outcomes | 6 (3–12) | |
| Experience of any verbal abuse | 11 (6–20) | |
| Sexual abuse | Sexual abuse touched inapproachably or raped | 0 |
| Any sexual abuse | 0 | |
| Stigma & discrimination | Discriminated against based on ethnicity, religion, income, disease | 0 |
| Experience of any abuse related to discrimination | 0 | |
| Experience of any abuse | 66 (45–82) | |