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. 2019 Dec 2;9:18111. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54308-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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PNGR altered gut bacterial colonization. (a) α-diversity of fecal microbiota in control (CTRL, n = 18 from 6 litters) and postnatal growth restriction (PNGR, n = 17–18 from 6 litters) groups at postnatal day 21 (PN21) and postnatal day 60 (PN60). Phylogenetic distance between samples of fecal microbiota at (b) PN21 and (c) PN60 in CTRL and PNGR groups. Bacterial genera with (d) low abundance and with (e) high abundance at PN21 in pups with PNGR compared to CTRL. Results are representative of 3 independent experiments. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.