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. 2019 Dec 2;9:18111. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54308-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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PNGR induced higher susceptibility to chronic chemically induced-colitis in adult mice. Control (CTRL) and postnatal growth restriction (PNGR) adult mice received drinking water (CTRL-H₂O, n = 6 from 3 litters; PNGR-H₂O, n = 6 from 3 litters) or 3% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in drinking water for three cycles consisting of five days of DSS followed by seven days of regular drinking water (CTRL-DSS, n = 19 from 6 litters; PNGR-DSS, n = 15 from 4 litters). (a–f) Cytokines expression in colon in CTRL and PNGR groups. (g) Body weight variation. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01, PNGR-DSS vs. CTRL-DSS. ^$$P < 0.01; ^$$$P < 0.001, PNGR-DSS vs. PNGR-H₂O. ^§§P < 0.01; ^§§§P < 0.001, CTRL-DSS vs. CTRL-H₂O. (h) Colon length. **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. (i) Representative haematoxylin and eosin staining of colonic sections after the three cycles of DSS and (j) histological score of colitis severity. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001. Results are representative of 2 independent experiments.