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. 2019 Dec 2;9:18072. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54061-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) The embryonic heart, divided into the various cardiac structures, with ventral and side view. (B) Volume waveforms of different cardiac structures over a cardiac cycle for 5 specimens. (C) Maximum and minimum volumes of different cardiac chambers, and their stroke volumes (n = 8). (D) Ejection fraction of different cardiac structures (n = 8). Red line - median, box edges – 25th and 75th percentile, whiskers – maximum/minimum excluding outliers, red dots – outliers (defined as outside 1.5 times the interquartile range). The atrial appendage played out-sized role in blood pumping, contributing 32.3 ± 7.0% of atria stroke volume despite only occupying 20.1 ± 5.6% of atrial end-diastolic volume. RA- Right Atria, LA-Left Atria, RV-Right Ventricle, LV-Left ventricle, A-Combined left and right atria, V-Entire primitive ventricle, RA.a-Right atria appendage, LA.a-Left atria appendage. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.0001.