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. 2019 Dec 2;9:18072. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54061-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) The ventricle contracted during ventricle systole, pumping blood into the outflow tract. At the same time, atria relaxed, causing inflow from the veins. Contraction of the atrioventricular canal prevented backflow of blood from ventricle to atria. (B) Ventricular filling phase whereby the contracting atria pumped blood into the ventricle. (C) After atria contraction, the ventricle expanded further, which caused blood to flow directly from Sinus Venosus towards the ventricle. Systole and diastole labels in this figure referred to those of the ventricle. Orange arrows indicated position of venous inlet, which was behind the embryonic heart. Videos of flow fields were uploaded as Supplementary Videos 2–6.