Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants
| Variables | Total (n = 504) | Males (n = 208) | Females (n = 296) | p-value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean ± SD) | 42.40 ± 12.38 | 43.58 ± 13.57 | 41.64 ± 11.40 | 0.07 |
| Education level, n (%) | 0.001 | |||
| illiterate | 74 (14.68) | 15 (7.21) | 59 (19.93) | |
| ≤ High school/ diploma | 361 (71.62) | 157 (75.48) | 204 (68.91) | |
| ≥ college degree | 69 (13.69) | 36 (17.30) | 33 (11.14) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | 0.001 | |||
| Single | 45 (8.92) | 30 (14.42) | 15 (5.06) | |
| Married | 459 (91.07) | 178 (85.57) | 281 (94.59) | |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 58 (11.50) | 55 (26.44) | 3 (1.01) | < 0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 93.08 ± 12.88 | 94.43 ± 13.28 | 92.12 ± 12.53 | 0.51 |
| FBS (mg/dl) | 89.71 ± 30.39 | 90.50 ± 28.33 | 89.15 ± 31.85 | 0.72 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 120.57 ± 12.68 | 121.54 ± 18.24 | 119.89 ± 31.85 | 0.59 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78.12 ± 11.63 | 78.52 ± 12.23 | 77.84 ± 11.19 | 0.69 |
| TG (mg/dl) | 160.46 ± 103.41 | 182.30 ± 119.77 | 145.16 ± 87.85 | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dl) | 43.70 ± 9.69 | 39.68 ± 8.29 | 46.55 ± 9.61 | 0.004 |
| Cardio metabolic phenotype n (%) | ||||
| MHL | 135 (26.78) | 69 (31.17) | 66 (22.29) | 0.79 |
| MUHL | 17 (3.37) | 7 (3.36) | 10 (3.37) | 0.46 |
| MHO | 204 (40.47) | 83 (39.90) | 121 (40.87) | 0.008 |
| MUHO | 148 (29.36) | 49 (23.55) | 99 (33.44) | < 0.001 |
MHL: Metabolically Healthy Lean; MUHL: Metabolically unhealthy lean; MHO: Metabolically healthy obese; MUHO: Metabolically unhealthy obese; WC: waist circumference; FBS: fasting blood sugar; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein-cholesterol
*continuous variables were compared by independent t-test and categorical variables were compared using chi-square and fisher exact test