Table 1.

General characteristics of the study subjects.

	HC (n=76)	PD (n=50)
		I	II	III	IV*
Sex (men/women)	38/38	27/23
Age (yr)	62.3±5.5	61.8±6.1
Disease duration (yr)	N/A	6.3±5.0
Education (yr)	12±4.2	10±4.5
MHY	N/A	1.9±0.8 (1-3, median=2)	2.1±1.0a (1-4, median=2)	2.4±1.0 eg (1-4, median=2.5)	< 0.001
UPDRS	N/A	28.1±15.0	32.3±18.6 a	38.4±22.3 eg	< 0.001
I	N/A	1.7±2.0	1.6±1.3	2.1±1.9 c	0.135
II	N/A	6.8±4.4	9.8±6.1 b	11.3±7.1 dg	< 0.001
III	N/A	18.1±10.4	19.4±12.1	23.2±15.1 ef	< 0.001
IV	N/A	1.6±1.9	1.5±2.3	1.8±2.1	0.519
ADL(%)	N/A	88.8±6.9	83.6± 11.6 b	79.2±15.0 eg	< 0.001
PDQ39	N/A	22.9±19.9	35.8±23.9 b	36.8±25.6 g	< 0.001
MMSE	29.1±1.1	27.4±2.7	28.1±3.5	27.9±2.7	0.166
CDR	N/A	0.2±0.2 (0-0.5, median=0.5)	0.3±0.3 (0-1, median=0.5)	0.4±0.3 f (0-1, median=0.5)	0.002

Values are presented as means ± standard deviations, unless otherwise indicated.

HC = healthy control, PD = Parkinson's disease, N/A = data not available, UPDRS = Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, MHY = modified Hoehn and Yahr scale, MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination, CDR = Clinical Dementia Rating, ADL = Schwab and England activities of daily living, PDQ39 = 39-item Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire

*Analysis performed with one-way repeated measures ANOVA.

^ap value < 0.05 between the first follow-up assessment and baseline

^bp value < 0.001 between the first follow-up assessment and baseline

^cp value < 0.05 between the second and first follow-up assessments

^dp value < 0.01 between the second and first follow-up assessments

^ep value < 0.001 between the second and first follow-up assessments

^fp value < 0.01 between the second follow-up assessment and baseline

^gp value < 0.001 between the second follow-up assessment and baseline