Table 3.
Summary of identified moderators.
| Type of features | Factors | How many papers | Papers | Association with CR outcomes YES/NO | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | Gender | 3 |
Farreny et al., 2016 Twamley et al., 2011 Wykes et al., 1999 |
NO | / |
| Education | 3 |
Farreny et al., 2016 Penades et al., 2016 Twamley et al., 2011 |
NO | / | |
| Age | 3 |
Corbera et al., 2017 McGurk and Mueser, 2008 Wykes et al., 2009 |
YES | Younger improve more than older in cognition | |
| 1 | Wykes et al., 2009 | YES | Younger improve more than older in negative symptoms and functioning | ||
| 1 | Twamley et al., 2011 | YES | Older improve more than younger in memory | ||
| 1 | Wykes et al., 2009 | YES | Older improve more than younger in self-esteem | ||
| 1 | Dickinson et al., 2010 | YES | Older improve more than younger in functioning | ||
| 1 | Thomas et al., 2018 | YES | Older improve more than younger in verbal learning | ||
| 4 |
Farreny et al., 2016 Franck et al., 2013 Penades et al., 2016 Wykes et al., 1999 Dickinson et al., 2010 Gomar et al., 2015 |
NO | / | ||
| Biological | Brain structure | 1 | Keshavan et al., 2011 | YES | Higher cortical reserve positively moderated social cognition |
| 1 | Penades et al., 2016 | YES | Greater cortical thickness in the temporal and frontal lobes, linked with greater improvement in verbal memory and non-verbal memory | ||
| 1 | Subramaniam et al., 2017 | YES | Greater integrity of white matter in the right front-occipital fasciculus predicted improvements in attention/vigilance Greater integrity of right corticospinal tract and bilateral medial lemnisci predicted improvements in executive functioning |
||
| 1 | Ramsay et al., 2018 | NO | / | ||
| Genetic variable | 1 | Bosia et al., 2007 | YES | People with Met on active treatment had better outcomes in cognitive flexibility and functioning | |
| 1 | Panizzutti et al., 2013 | YES | Association between COMT gene and response in global cognition | ||
| 1 | Burton et al., 2015 | NO | / | ||
| Cognition and functioning | IQ | 1 | Fiszdon et al., 2006 | YES | Lower IQ associated with cognitive gains |
| 1 | Franck et al., 2013 | YES | Higher IQ associated with lower cognitive gains | ||
| 1 | Twamley et al., 2011 | NO | / | ||
| Learning potential | 1 | Davidson et al., 2016 | YES | Learning potential predicted improvement in verbal and visual memory | |
| Baseline cognition | 2 |
Kurtz et al., 2009 Kurtz et al., 2008 |
YES | Higher baseline cognition larger improvement in functioning | |
| 1 | Farreny et al., 2016 | YES | Higher baseline cognition larger improvement in negative symptoms | ||
| 1 | Penades et al., 2016 | YES | Higher baseline cognition larger improvement in cognition | ||
| 2 |
Rodewald et al., 2014 Twamley et al., 2011 |
YES | Lower baseline cognition larger improvement in cognition | ||
| 1 | Twamley et al., 2011 | YES | Lower baseline cognition larger improvement in functioning | ||
| 3 |
Farreny et al., 2013 McGurk et al., 2009 Ramsay et al., 2018 |
NO | / | ||
| Cognitive insight | 1 | Twamley et al., 2011 | YES | Greater self-reported cognitive problems at baseline associated with larger improvements in cognition | |
| 1 | Burton and Twamley, 2015 | NO | / | ||
| Baseline functioning | 2 |
Farreny et al., 2016 Kurtz et al., 2008 |
YES | Higher baseline functioning associated with a larger improvement in functioning | |
| 1 | Evensen et al., 2017 | YES | Higher baseline functioning associated with higher rates of competitive employment | ||
| 1 | Twamley et al., 2011 | YES | Lower function at baseline associated with larger gains on functioning |
||
| 2 |
Bell et al., 2008 Bell et al., 2014 |
YES | People with poor community function receiving NET + VOC achieved better competitive employment rates and worked more hours than people only in the VOC No different outcomes between the conditions in people with higher community function |
||
| Psychological | Motivation | 1 | Fisher et al., 2015 | YES | Higher baseline motivational system functioning larger improvements in global cognition and verbal memory |
| 1 | Rodewald et al., 2014 | NO | / | ||
| Self-esteem | 1 | Evensen et al., 2017 | YES | Higher baseline self-esteem associated with higher competitive employment and lower unemployment | |
| 1 | Bellucci et al., 2003 | NO | / | ||
| Illness-related | Symptoms | 2 |
Farreny et al., 2013 Twamley et al., 2011 |
YES | Higher negative and positive symptoms at baseline associated with greater improvement in functioning |
| 1 | Twamley et al., 2011 | YES | Higher negative and positive symptoms at baseline associated with greater improvement in cognition | ||
| 1 | Farreny et al., 2016 | YES | Higher disorganized PANSS scale associated with greater improvement in cognition | ||
| 1 | Farreny et al., 2016 | YES | Lower scores for the PANSS excited scale, positive and negative symptoms associated with higher functioning improvements and negative symptoms reduction | ||
| 1 | Ramsay et al., 2018 | YES | Lower baseline symptoms associated with improvements in cognition and left thalamic volume | ||
| 9 |
Bark et al., 2003 Fiszdon et al., 2004 Kurtz et al., 2009 Kurtz et al., 2008 Penades et al., 2016 Rodewald et al., 2014 Sanchez et al., 2014 Wykes et al., 1999 Thomas et al., 2018 |
NO | / | ||
| Medication | 2 |
Twamley et al., 2011 Rodewald et al., 2014 |
YES | People on a lower antipsychotic dose were more likely to complete the therapy and improve | |
| 1 | Thomas et al., 2018 | YES | Higher antipsychotic loads associated with better improvement in verbal learning | ||
| 1 | Vinogradov et al., 2009 | YES | Serum anticholinergic activity associated with lower therapy gains | ||
| 1 | Wykes et al., 1999 | YES | People on atypical antipsychotic had larger effects on cognition compared to those on typical antipsychotics | ||
| 1 | Wykes et al., 2007 | YES | People who received clozapine or typical medication had larger response compared to those on atypical medications | ||
| 3 |
Penades et al., 2016 Farreny et al., 2016 Sanchez et al., 2014 Gomar et al., 2015 |
NO | / | ||
| Diagnosis | 1 | Twamley et al., 2011 | YES | People with schizoaffective disorder had greater improvement in subjective quality of life compared to those with schizophrenia | |
| 1 | Lewandowski et al., 2011 | NO | / | ||
| Comorbid disorders | 1 | McGurk et al., 2009 | YES | Comorbid substance abuse was associated with worse employment outcomes | |
| 1 | McGurk et al., 2009 | NO | Physical comorbid condition (e.g. metabolic deficits) was not associated with employment outcomes | ||
| Duration of illness | 1 | Corbera et al., 2017 | YES | People with shorter illness duration had better outcomes | |
| 4 |
Farreny et al., 2016 Penades et al., 2016 Twamley et al., 2011 Thomas et al., 2018 |
NO | / | ||
| Hospitalisation | 1 | Penades et al., 2016 | NO | / |