Table 1.
The description of characteristics by CHD Cases vs. Controls (n, %)
| All CHD | Simple CHD | Complex CHD | VSD | TOF | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases (n=524) | Controls (n=262) | p value | Cases (n=262) | Controls (n=262) | p value | Cases (n=262) | Controls (n=262) | p value | Cases (n=60) | Controls (n=262) | p value | Cases (n=97) | Controls (n=262) | p value | |
| Demographic and obstetric characteristics | |||||||||||||||
| Maternal ethnic | 0.236 | 0.243 | 0.337 | 1.000 | 0.716 | ||||||||||
| Han | 501,95.6 | 255, 97.3 | 250, 95.4 | 255, 97.3 | 251, 95.8 | 255, 97.3 | 58, 96.7 | 255, 97.3 | 93, 95.9 | 255, 97.3 | |||||
| Other | 30,4.4 | 7, 2.7 | 12, 4.6 | 7, 2.7 | 11, 4.2 | 7, 2.7 | 2, 3.3 | 7, 2.7 | 4, 4.1 | 7, 2.7 | |||||
| Maternal age at delivery | 0.543 | 1.000 | 0.302 | 0.235 | 0.391 | ||||||||||
| <35 years old | 473,90.3 | 240, 91.6 | 240, 91.6 | 240, 91.6 | 233, 88.9 | 240, 91.6 | 52, 86.7 | 240, 91.6 | 86, 88.7 | 240, 91.6 | |||||
| ≥35 years old | 51,9.7 | 22, 8.4 | 22, 8.4 | 22, 8.4 | 29, 11.1 | 22, 8.4 | 8, 13.3 | 22, 8.4 | 11, 11.3 | 22, 8.4 | |||||
| Maternal education | <0.001 | 0.014 | <0.001 | 0.113 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| Middle school and below | 184,35.1 | 58, 22.1 | 83, 31.7 | 58, 22.1 | 101, 38.5 | 58, 22.1 | 21, 35.0 | 58, 22.1 | 40, 41.2 | 58, 22.1 | |||||
| High school | 117,22.3 | 48, 18.3 | 55, 21.0 | 48, 18.3 | 62, 23.7 | 48, 18.3 | 9, 15.0 | 48, 18.3 | 24, 24.7 | 48, 18.3 | |||||
| College and above | 223,42.6 | 156, 59.5 | 124, 47.3 | 156, 59.5 | 99, 37.8 | 156, 59.5 | 30, 50.0 | 156, 59.5 | 33, 34.0 | 156, 59.5 | |||||
| Marital status | 0.613 | 1.000 | 0.279 | 0.588 | 0.785 | ||||||||||
| Married | 511,97.5 | 257, 98.1 | 258, 98.5 | 257, 98.1 | 253, 96.6 | 257, 98.1 | 60, 100.0 | 257, 98.0 | 94, 96.9 | 257, 98.1 | |||||
| Unmarried/divorced/widowed | 13,2.5 | 5, 1.9 | 4, 1.5 | 5, 1.9 | 9, 3.4 | 5, 1.9 | 0, 0 | 5, 1.9 | 3, 3.1 | 5, 1.9 | |||||
| Residence | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.017 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| Urban | 209,39.9 | 166, 63.4 | 110, 42.0 | 166, 63.4 | 99, 37.8 | 166, 63.4 | 28, 46.7 | 166, 63.4 | 37, 38.1 | 166, 63.4 | |||||
| Suburban /rural | 315,60.1 | 96, 36.6 | 152, 58.0 | 96, 36.6 | 163, 62.2 | 96, 36.6 | 32, 53.3 | 96, 36.6 | 60, 61.9 | 96, 36.6 | |||||
| Maternal prepregnancy obesity | 0.523 | 0.432 | 0.108 | 1.000 | 0.104 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 23,4.4 | 9, 3.4 | 6, 2.3 | 9, 3.4 | 17, 6.5 | 9, 3.4 | 2, 3.3 | 9, 3.4 | 8, 8.2 | 9, 3.4 | |||||
| No | 501,95.6 | 253, 96.6 | 256, 97.7 | 253, 96.6 | 245, 93.5 | 253, 96.6 | 58, 96.7 | 253, 96.6 | 89, 91.8 | 253, 96.6 | |||||
| Multiple births | 0.857 | 0.178 | 0.381 | 0.594 | 0.067 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 44,8.4 | 23, 8.8 | 15, 5.7 | 23, 8.8 | 29, 11.1 | 2, 8.8 | 4, 6.7 | 23, 8.8 | 15, 15.5 | 2, 8.8 | |||||
| No | 480,91.6 | 239, 91.2 | 247, 94.3 | 239, 91.2 | 233, 88.9 | 239, 91.2 | 56, 93.3 | 239, 91.2 | 82, 84.5 | 239, 91.2 | |||||
| Infant gender | 0.014 | <0.001 | 0.470 | 0.281 | 0.885 | ||||||||||
| Male | 288,55.0 | 168, 64.1 | 128, 48.8 | 168, 64.1 | 160, 61.1 | 168, 64.1 | 34, 56.7 | 168, 64.1 | 63, 64.9 | 168, 64.1 | |||||
| Female | 236,45.0 | 94, 35.9 | 134, 51.1 | 94, 35.9 | 102, 38.9 | 94, 35.9 | 26, 43.3 | 94, 35.9 | 34, 35.1 | 94, 35.9 | |||||
| Family history of CHD | 0.024 | 0.005 | 0.218 | 0.054 | 0.292 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 31,5.9 | 6, 2.3 | 20, 7.6 | 6, 2.3 | 11, 4.2 | 6, 2.3 | 5, 8.3 | 6, 2.3 | 5, 5.2 | 6, 2.3 | |||||
| No | 493,94.1 | 256, 97.7 | 242, 92.4 | 256, 97.7 | 251, 95.8 | 256, 97.7 | 55, 91.7 | 256, 97.7 | 92, 94.8 | 256, 97.7 | |||||
| Maternal health indicators and behaviors | |||||||||||||||
| Diabetes/hypertension | 0.488 | 0.179 | 0.793 | 0.430 | 0.716 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 10,1.9 | 7, 2.7 | 2, 0.8 | 7, 2.7 | 8, 3.1 | 7, 2.7 | 0, 0 | 7, 2.7 | 4, 4.1 | 7, 2.7 | |||||
| No | 514,98.1 | 255, 97.3 | 260, 99.2 | 255, 97.3 | 254, 96.9 | 255, 97.3 | 60, 100.0 | 255, 97.3 | 93, 95.9 | 255, 97.3 | |||||
| Folic acid supplementation | 0.001 | 0.044 | <0.001 | 0.017 | 0.007 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 390,74.4 | 222, 84.7 | 204, 77.9 | 222, 84.7 | 186, 71.0 | 222, 84.7 | 43, 71.7 | 222, 84.7 | 70, 72.2 | 222, 84.7 | |||||
| No | 134,25.6 | 40, 15.3 | 58, 22.1 | 40, 15.3 | 76, 29.0 | 40, 15.3 | 17, 28.3 | 40, 15.3 | 27, 27.8 | 40, 15.3 | |||||
| Smoking/drinking | 0.305 | 0.883 | 0.065 | 0.688 | 0.027 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 65,12.4 | 26, 9.9 | 25, 9.5 | 26, 9.9 | 40, 15.3 | 26, 9.9 | 7, 11.7 | 26, 9.9 | 18, 18.6 | 26, 9.9 | |||||
| No | 459,87.6 | 236, 90.1 | 237, 90.5 | 236, 90.1 | 222, 84.7 | 236, 90.1 | 53, 88.3 | 236, 90.1 | 79, 81.4 | 236, 90.1 | |||||
Entries in boldface mean p<0.05