Table 2.
Associations of maternal upper respiratory tract infection/ influenza during early pregnancy with congenital heart disease in offspring
| Upper respiratory tract infection/ influenza | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) a | Adjusted OR (95% CI) b | |
| All CHD | 524 | 2.58 (1.71–3.90)*** | 2.58 (1.69–3.95)*** | 2.56 (1.67–3.92)*** |
| Simple CHD | 262 | 3.43 (2.12–5.54)*** | 3.40 (2.06–5.61)*** | 3.40 (2.05–5.62)*** |
| VSD | 60 | 4.35 (2.23–8.49)*** | 4.09 (2.01–8.32)*** | 3.99 (1.94–8.18)*** |
| Complex CHD | 262 | 2.43 (1.54–3.84)*** | 2.43 (1.50–3.94)*** | 2.39 (1.47–3.88)*** |
| TOF | 97 | 2.68 (1.51–4.76)** | 2.82 (1.51–5.29)** | 2.93 (1.56–5.52)** |
a Model Ι: adjusted for maternal ethic, maternal age at delivery, maternal education, marital status, residence, maternal prepregnancy obesity, multiple births, infant gender, and family history of CHD
b Model II: based on Model Ι, further adjusted for prepregnancy diabetes/hypertension, folic acid use, and smoking/drinking
*p value < 0.05; **p value < 0.01; ***p value < 0.001