Table 2.
Predictors of cognitive improvement, by condition.
| Variable | Visuospatial memory Rey-Osterreith improvement |
List learning CVLT-II improvement |
Working memory Digits back improvement |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CR (r) | Control (r) | Difference (p) | CR (r) | Control (r) | Difference (p) | CR (r) | Control (r) | Difference (p) | |
| Demographics | |||||||||
| Age | 0.031 | 0.221 | −0.085 | 0.069 | 0.299^ | −0.164 | |||
| Education | −0.170 | −0.113 | −0.231 | −0.210 | −0.224 | −0.177 | |||
| No. hospitalizations | 0.353⁎ | −0.267 | 0.0316 | 0.312^ | 0.055 | 0.026 | −0.068 | ||
| Age at 1st hosp | −0.265 | −0.135 | −0.154 | −0.069 | −0.070 | 0.322 | |||
| Age onset | −0.037 | 0.042 | −0.052 | 0.062 | −0.099 | 0.066 | |||
| WRAT | −0.130 | −0.354 | −0.042 | 0.193 | −0.246 | −0.058 | |||
| WASI IQ | −0.263 | 0.187 | −0.265 | −0.142 | −0.085 | −0.087 | |||
| Symptoms | |||||||||
| PANSS positive | 0.053 | −0.188 | 0.010 | 0.478⁎ | −0.114 | 0.002 | |||
| PANSS negative | −0.039 | −0.087 | −0.075 | 0.345 | −0.399⁎⁎ | 0.188 | 0.0264 | ||
| PANSS cognitive | 0.050 | −0.069 | −0.077 | 0.313 | −0.274^ | 0.299 | |||
| PANSS emotional | −0.100 | −0.206 | −0.060 | −0.077 | −0.224 | −0.125 | |||
| PANSS hostility | −0.092 | −0.280 | −0.322⁎ | −0.017 | 0.2543 | −0.398⁎⁎ | −0.117 | 0.2713 | |
| Self report | |||||||||
| IMI interest | 0.093 | −0.060 | −0.007 | −0.102 | 0.028 | 0.134 | |||
| IMI effort | 0.152 | 0.198 | 0.111 | −0.125 | 0.153 | 0.235 | |||
| IMI competence | −0.124 | 0.028 | −0.128 | 0.017 | −0.026 | 0.147 | |||
| Rosenberg SES | 0.182 | −0.301 | 0.169 | 0.048 | 0.287^ | −0.110 | |||
| Cognition | |||||||||
| Rey-O immediate | −0.642⁎⁎⁎⁎ | −0.576⁎⁎⁎ | 0.7039 | −0.284^ | −0.113 | −0.201 | 0.072 | ||
| Rey-O 30-min delay | −0.585⁎⁎⁎⁎ | −0.546⁎⁎ | 0.8337 | −0.288^ | −0.256 | −0.162 | 0.002 | ||
| WCST % CL | −0.157 | −0.446⁎ | −0.342⁎ | −0.178 | 0.5287 | −0.330⁎ | −0.011 | 0.2301 | |
| WCST % PE Log | 0.151 | 0.370^ | 0.357⁎ | 0.242 | 0.6527 | 0.294^ | −0.108 | ||
| CPT RefLog | 0.187 | 0.033 | 0.075 | 0.075 | 0.204 | 0.210 | |||
| BLERT | −0.203 | −0.020 | −0.274^ | −0.136 | −0.124 | −0.120 | |||
| Trails A Log | 0.033 | 0.355^ | 0.011 | −0.018 | 0.293^ | −0.050 | |||
| Trails B Log | 0.112 | −0.086 | 0.057 | 0.357^ | 0.443⁎⁎⁎ | −0.078 | 0.0444 | ||
| CVLT Trials 1–5 Tot | −0.071 | −0.033 | −0.747⁎⁎⁎⁎ | −0.789⁎⁎⁎⁎ | 0.7114 | −0.356⁎ | 0.097 | 0.0891 | |
| Logical Memory I | −0.291^ | 0.013 | −0.350⁎ | −0.448⁎ | 0.6745 | −0.514⁎⁎⁎⁎ | 0.034 | 0.0293 | |
| Logical Memory II | −0.415⁎⁎ | −0.146 | 0.2891 | −0.407⁎ | −0.334 | 0.7642 | −0.486⁎⁎⁎⁎ | −0.168 | 0.1902 |
| WAIS Digits forward | 0.032 | 0.286 | −0.097 | 0.192 | −0.132 | −0.546⁎⁎ | |||
| WAIS Digits back | −0.229 | 0.012 | −0.352⁎ | 0.058 | 0.126 | −0.718⁎⁎⁎⁎ | −0.830⁎⁎⁎⁎ | 0.303 | |
| Functional ability | |||||||||
| UPSA | −0.197 | −0.318 | −0.335⁎ | −0.222 | 0.6599 | −0.294^ | −0.115 | ||
| SSPA | 0.002 | −0.054 | −0.152 | −0.402^ | −0.031 | 0.045 | |||
| MMAA RefLog | 0.272^ | 0.238 | 0.195 | 0.362 | 0.368⁎ | 0.137 | 0.3843 | ||
Note: BLERT, Bell Lysaker Emotion Recognition Task; CL, conceptual level response; CPT, Continuous Performance Test; CRT, Cognitive remediation; CVLT, California Verbal Learning Test-II; ILSS, Independent Living Skills Survey; IMI, Intrinsic Motivation Inventory for Schizophrenia Research; Log, Log 10 transformation; MMAA, Medication Management Ability Assessment; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; PE, perseverative errors; QLS, Quality of Life Scale; RefLog, Reflect and log 10 transformation; Rey-Osterreith; Rosenberg SES, Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale; SSPA, Social Skills Performance Assessment; UPSA, UCSD Performance-Based Skills Assessment; WAIS, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3rd edition; WASI IQ, Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, estimate based on two-test score for vocabulary and matrix reasoning; WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Task; WRAT, Wide Range Achievement Test.
p < 0.10.
p < 0.05.
p < 0.01.
p < 0.005.
p ≤ 0.001.