Intracellular (A) and extracellular (B) GM-CSF levels among patients and healthy controls. Idiopathic PNTM patients had a higher percentage of GM-CSF expressing CD14+ cells than healthy controls in response to M. abscessus, M. avium and M. intracellulare stimulation. CF patients also had a higher percentage of GM-CSF expressing CD14+ cells than normal controls in response to M. intracellulare stimulation. However, no significant differences in supernatant GM-CSF levels were found between patients and normal controls. Representative dot plots show GM-CSF expression in CD14+ cells from unstimulated (C), M. abscessus (D), M. avium (E), and M. intracellulare-stimulated conditions (F) performed in the same experiment. HC indicates healthy controls; uns, unstimulated; PHA, phytohemagglutinin + IL-12; P/I, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate + ionomycin; M.ab, Mycobacterium abscessus (MOI: 10); M.av, Mycobacterium avium (MOI: 10); M.in; Mycobacterium intracellulare (MOI: 0.2). Data are presented as means; error bars show standard error. *P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001.