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. 2019 Jul 26;8(4):653–655.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.07.009

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Effect of Clostridium difficile toxin A and Escherichia coli (EC) on human colonic epithelium in the absence or presence of the VIP-enhanced mucus layer. (A) Cell-culture schematic for panels B and C. (B) Permeability and (C) IL-8 secretion of the epithelium after 4-hour exposure to toxin A. (D) Cell culture schematic for panels E, F, and G. (E–G) Production of inflammatory cytokines after a 24-hour co-culture of green fluorescent protein (GFP)–expressing EC, epithelium, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC): (E) tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), (F) IL-6, and (G) IL-1β. Unpaired t test: **P < .005; #not statistically significant. n = 3 samples per condition. N.S., not significant.