Table 2.
Final selection of relevant papers: participants, insight assessment methodology, insight object(s) assessed, brain imaging methods, and study quality.
| Paper | Participants | Insight assessment methodology | Insight object(s) assessed | Brain imaging methods | Study Quality* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mendez and Shapira (2005) | 29 FTD | Insight question from CERAD plus 3 extra insight questions 4-point Likert scale ranging from total unawareness (0) to normal awareness (3) |
Presence of disease Behavioural change | Visual rating of PET and SPECT images | Fair |
| Miller et al. (1997) | 30 FTD 30 AD |
Clinical judgment Presence or absence of patients’ insight into illness | Presence of disease | Visual inspection of SPECT images | Fair |
| McMurtray et al. (2006) | 74 bvFTD | Clinical judgment using Frontotemporal Dementia Inventory (degree of characterization of the object in reference ranging from 1 -not characteristic at all- to 5 -extremely characteristic-) | Behavioural change | Visual rating of SPECT images | Good |
| Levy et al. (2018) | 26 bvFTD 29 CBS 12 PPA | Clinical judgment on the NRS item ‘Inaccurate insight and self-appraisal’ ranging from 1 (not present) to 7 (extremely severe) Participant - informant DS on the FrSBe. | Presence of disease and health status Executive dysfunction |
MRI with automated parcellation of cerebral cortex into 68 regions of interest using FreeSurfer | Good |
| Ichikawa et al. (2013) | 8 ALS 8 FTLD 11 HC |
Clinical judgement Combination of DS between patients’ & clinicians’ judgement on an Anosognosia scale (scores ranging from 0 to 32) |
Overall motor, cognitive and emotional functioning. | Longitudinal changes of areas of bilateral anterior and inferior horns on CT images using Synapse | Good |
| Hornberger et al. (2014) | 24 bvFTD 18 SD 13 PNFA 15 AD 11 LA |
Patient - informant DS on the Insight Questionnaire | Specific scores on: Diagnosis and treatment Social behaviour Emotion Language Motivation/ organization Plus analysis of an overall insight score across all objects |
VBM analysis of MRI using FSL | Good |
| Massimo et al. (2013) | 49 bvFTD 73 AD | DS between retrospective self-appraisal and standardized scores on language and episodic memory tasks | Multi-domain self appraisal (average performance on language and episodic memory tasks) | VBM analysis of MRI using SPM5 | Good |
| Rosen et al. (2010) | 2 ALS 2 MCI 9 AD 10 FTD 5 SD 5 PPA 4 CBD 2 HC |
DS between retrospective self-rating of performance and standardize scores on attention, episodic memory, language & executive function tasks | Overall cognitive performance (average performance on working memory, attention, episodic memory and executive function tasks) | VBM analysis of MRI using SPM5 | Fair |
| Shany-Ur et al. (2014) | 35 AD 21 bvFTD 7 right-temporal variant FTD 8 svPPA 7 nfPPA 46 HC |
Participant-informant DS using the Patient Competency Rating Scale (PCRS) | ADL competency Cognitive ability Interpersonal ability Emotional ability Composite score of all the above objects |
VBM analysis of MRI using SPM5 | Good |
| Sollberger at al. (2014) | 28 bvFTD 16 svPPA 4 nfPPA 23 AD 12 CBS 19 HC |
Participant-informant DS using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) | Empathy | VBM analysis of MRI using SPM5 | Good |
| Ruby et al. (2007) | 16 bvFTD 16 HC | Participant-informant DS using questionnaires on behaviour prediction and personality assessment | Behavioural and personality changes | VBM analysis of PET images using SPM2 | Good |
| Bastin et al. (2012) | 8 bvFTD 26 HC |
Participant - informant DS on the MARS Participants’ performance prediction on a FOK task |
Memory (autonoetic consciousness) | FDG-PET analysis using SPM8 | Good |
| Zamboni et al. (2010) | 27 bvFTD 12 aphasic variants of FTD 31 CBS 14 HC |
Participant-informant DS on the FrSBe; clinical judgement | Executive function | VBM analysis of MRI using SPM5 | Good |
| Amanzio et al. (2016) | 23 bvFTD 30 HC | Participant - informant DS on the AQ-D_iADL | iADL | VBM analysis of MRI using SPM8 | Good |
| Garcia-Cordero et al., 2016 | 18 bvFTD 21 AD 18 FIS 42 HC |
Participants’ ratings on their confidence to count their own heart beats (HBD) over accuracy, learning and feedback stages | Interoceptive awareness | VBM and lesion mapping analyses of MRI using SPM12, MRI resting state analysis using SPM8 and HEP/ERP analysis of EEG. | Good |
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Judgements made according to the quality assessment conducted with an adapted version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (see Table 7).