Table 3.
Association between potential predictive factors and occurrence of pain during BMA
| Variable | Observation (n) | Pain during BMA rate, % | OR (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age* | ||||
| <60 years | 108 | 76.8 | 1.82 (1.02–3.24) | 0.041 |
| ≥ 60 years | 127 | 64.5 | ||
| Sex* | ||||
| Female | 109 | 76.2 | 1.71 (0.97–3.04) | 0.064 |
| Male | 126 | 65.1 | ||
| Prior BMA* | ||||
| Yes | 100 | 75.6 | 1.82 (1.03–3.19) | 0.038 |
| No | 135 | 63 | ||
| Pre-existing pain* | ||||
| Yes | 101 | 78.2 | 2.05 (1.14–3.71) | 0.017 |
| No | 132 | 63.6 | ||
| Pain before BMA* | ||||
| Yes | 69 | 82.6 | 2.60 (1.29–5.23) | 0.007 |
| No | 164 | 64.6 | ||
| Anxiety about needle-insertion* | ||||
| Yes | 126 | 82.5 | 3.72 (2.05–6.75) | <0.001 |
| No | 109 | 56 | ||
| Anxiety about BMA result* | ||||
| Yes | 147 | 80.2 | 3.55 (1.98–6.36) | <0.001 |
| No | 88 | 53.4 | ||
| Received written information | ||||
| No | 143 | 70.6 | 1.03 (0.58–1.84) | 0.918 |
| Yes | 90 | 70 | ||
| Received oral information | ||||
| No | 24 | 70.8 | 1.02 (0.4–2.57) | 0.976 |
| Yes | 207 | 70.5 | ||
| Pain medication taken same day as BMA | ||||
| Yes | 44 | 75 | 1.34 (0.63–2.83) | 0.446 |
| No | 188 | 69.2 | ||
| Body mass index | ||||
| ≥ 25 | 91 | 71.4 | 1.08 (0.60–1.94) | 0.799 |
| <25 | 136 | 69.8 | ||
| BMA duration | ||||
| ≥ 15 min | 50 | 78 | 1.66 (0.79–3.48) | 0.179 |
| < 15 min | 182 | 68 | ||
| Experience of physician | ||||
| ≤ 100 BMA | 50 | 66 | 0.78 (0.40–1.52) | 0.464 |
| >100 BMA | 185 | 71.3 | ||
| Education of physician | ||||
| Hematology fellow | 174 | 68.3 | 0.71 (0.36–1.37) | 0.303 |
| Attending hematologist | 61 | 75.4 | ||
| Type of BMA | ||||
| Both aspiration and biopsy | 80 | 76.2 | 1.75 (0.89–3.43) | 0.106 |
| Bone marrow aspiration | 67 | 70.1 | 1.28 (0.65–2.53) | 0.481 |
| Bone marrow biopsy | 88 | 64.8 | ||
| Economical situation | ||||
| Bad | 20 | 75 | 1.36 (0.47–3.93) | 0.574 |
| Either bad or good | 44 | 72.7 | 1.21 (0.58–2.53) | 0.260 |
| Good | 167 | 68.9 | ||
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 46 | 78.3 | 2.31 (0.78–6.90) | 0.132 |
| Divorced/separated | 12 | 75 | 1.93 (0.41–9.10) | 0.407 |
| Married/cohabiting | 147 | 70.1 | 1.50 (0.61–3.73) | 0.378 |
| Widow/widower | 23 | 60.9 | ||
| Foreign background | ||||
| Yes | 59 | 74.6 | 1.34 (0.69–2.62) | 0.388 |
| No | 172 | 68.6 | ||
| Employment status | ||||
| Sick-leave or unemployed | 79 | 83.5 | 2.96 (1.45–6.03) | 0.003 |
| Working or studying | 50 | 64.0 | 1.04 (0.51–2.08) | 0.924 |
| Retired | 106 | 63.2 | ||
| Education level* | ||||
| High† | 85 | 78.8 | 2.36 (1.09–5.12) | 0.030 |
| Intermediate‡ | 95 | 68.4 | 1.37 (0.67–2.82) | 0.389 |
| Low§ | 49 | 61.2 | ||
| Underlying diagnosis | ||||
| Multiple myeloma | 39 | 76.9 | 1.59 (0.57–4.49) | 0.377 |
| Lymphoma | 46 | 69.6 | 1.09 (0.42–2.84) | 0.855 |
| Myelodysplastic syndrome | 18 | 66.7 | 0.96 (0.28–3.22) | 0.943 |
| Chronic myeloproliferative disorder | 31 | 71.0 | 1.17 (0.41–3.36) | 0.772 |
| Other hematologic disease | 42 | 69.0 | 1.07 (0.40–2.82) | 0.897 |
| Non-hematologic disease | 25 | 68.0 | 1.02 (0.34–3.07) | 0.977 |
| Leukemia | 34 | 67.6 | ||
| Platelet count (109/l) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.795 | ||
| Hemoglobin level (g/l) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.671 | ||
| Total STAI S 10*,¶, ∥ | 1.59 (1.22–2.05) | <0.001 | ||
| Total STAI T 10*,¶,** | 1.97 (1.29–3.01) | 0.002 |
The last category of each nominal variable was used as the reference category.
*
Variables selected for multivariate model.
†
University/similar.
‡
Upper secondary school/similar.
§
Primary school/similar or lower.
¶
Ten units increments.
∥
Internal attrition; n = 13.
**
Internal attrition; n = 19.
BMA, bone marrow aspiration/biopsy.