Table 5.
Association between variables and intensity of pain among patients experiencing BMA-related pain
| Variable | Pain during BMA (n) |
VAS |
P-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median | Range | |||
| Age | ||||
| <60 years | 83 | 37 | 3–100 | 0.582 |
| ≥ 60 years | 82 | 38 | 3–100 | |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 83 | 39 | 4–100 | 0.398 |
| Male | 82 | 34.5 | 3–100 | |
| Prior BMA | ||||
| Yes | 102 | 42 | 3–100 | 0.080 |
| No | 63 | 30 | 3–100 | |
| Pre-existing pain | ||||
| Yes | 79 | 45 | 3–100 | 0.022 |
| No | 84 | 26 | 3–100 | |
| Pain before BMA | ||||
| Yes | 57 | 42 | 3–100 | 0.163 |
| No | 106 | 29.5 | 3–100 | |
| Anxiety about needle-insertion | ||||
| Yes | 104 | 45 | 3–100 | 0.0006 |
| No | 61 | 25 | 3–100 | |
| Anxiety about the result | ||||
| Yes | 118 | 41 | 3–100 | 0.121 |
| No | 47 | 30 | 3–100 | |
| Received written information | ||||
| Yes | 63 | 27 | 3–100 | 0.028 |
| No | 101 | 44 | 3–100 | |
| Received oral information | ||||
| Yes | 146 | 34 | 3–100 | 0.678 |
| No | 17 | 42 | 3–100 | |
| Pain medication taken same day as BMA | ||||
| Yes | 33 | 36 | 4–100 | 0.973 |
| No | 130 | 37 | 3–100 | |
| Body mass index | ||||
| ≥ 25 | 65 | 36 | 3–100 | 0.961 |
| <25 | 95 | 38 | 3–100 | |
| BMA duration | ||||
| ≥ 15min | 39 | 45 | 8–99 | 0.017 |
| < 15 min | 124 | 31 | 3–100 | |
| Experience of physician | ||||
| ≤ 100 BMA | 33 | 45 | 10–100 | 0.121 |
| >100 BMA | 132 | 33.5 | 3–100 | |
| Education of physician | ||||
| Hematology fellow | 119 | 40 | 3–100 | 0.069 |
| Attending hematologist | 46 | 25 | 3–100 | |
| Type of BMA | ||||
| Both aspiration and biopsy | 61 | 36 | 4–100 | 0.151 |
| Bone marrow aspiration | 47 | 45 | 4–100 | |
| Bone marrow biopsy | 57 | 27 | 3–100 | |
| Economical situation | ||||
| Bad | 15 | 72 | 13–100 | 0.057 |
| Either good or bad | 32 | 41 | 4–100 | |
| Good | 115 | 32 | 3–100 | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 36 | 39 | 3–100 | 0.554 |
| Divorced/separated | 103 | 36 | 3–100 | |
| Married/cohabiting | 9 | 20 | 4–97 | |
| Widow/widower | 14 | 49.5 | 4–100 | |
| Foreign background | ||||
| Yes | 44 | 45 | 4–100 | 0.008 |
| No | 118 | 28 | 3–100 | |
| Employment status | ||||
| Sick-leave or unemployed | 66 | 30 | 3–100 | 0.072 |
| Working or studying | 32 | 46 | 10–95 | |
| Retired | 67 | 40 | 3–100 | |
| Education level | ||||
| High† | 67 | 27 | 3–99 | 0.328 |
| Intermediat‡ | 65 | 40 | 3–100 | |
| Low§ | 30 | 47 | 4–100 | |
| Underlying diagnosis | ||||
| Multiple myeloma | 30 | 39 | 3–100 | 0.739 |
| Lymphoma | 32 | 40.5 | 3–100 | |
| Myelodysplastic syndrome | 12 | 19.5 | 8–100 | |
| Chronic myeloproliferative disorder | 22 | 42.5 | 4–98 | |
| Other hematologic disease | 29 | 27 | 5–100 | |
| Non-hematologic disease | 17 | 42 | 4–99 | |
| Leukemia | 23 | 42 | 4–78 | |
*
Statistical tests used; Mann-Whitney U test or Kruskal–Wallis test.
†
University/similar.
‡
Upper secondary school/similar.
§
Primary school/similar or lower.
BMA, bone marrow aspiration/biopsy; VAS, visual analogue scale.