TABLE 2.

Coding criteria for anthropic, teleological, and essentialist language

Construal	Subtypes	Description
Anthropic language	Anthropomorphism	Assignment of human or animate characteristics to nonhuman organisms
	Anthropocentrism	Human Exceptionalism: Strong suggestion or explicit statement that humans are exceptional to, or unique from, other species
		Artifact Analogy: Explicit or implicit comparison of a biological process or entity to human-made artifacts
		Human Example: Use of humans or human activities to exemplify or elaborate on a general topic within biology
Teleological language		Statements in which a goal, purpose, or function is taken as the cause of an event or process.
Essentialist language	Homogeneity	Explicit statement that members of a category are identical with respect to one or more properties, behaviors, process, or other features
	Boundary intensification	Explicit mention of distinct subgroups, sharp/absolute boundaries between related categories, or differentiation between superficially similar categories based on different underlying properties
	Underlying cause	Explicit or strongly implied assertion that superficial properties or category memberships are caused by some underlying causal principle or internal essence