TABLE 3.

Examples of construal-consistent language from Universities 1 and 2

Construal	Subtypes	Examples from University 1	Examples from University 2
Anthropic language	Anthropomorphism	Cells want to talk to one another.These white blood cells sneak out to eat up the bacteria.	Their body says, “Oh, we’ve got to put on weight.”The inhibitor tricks the cell into thinking that there’s an energy crisis
	Anthropocentrism: Human exceptionalism	Only humans can get this infection.Animals couldn’t disperse something as large as a coconut, only humans could do something like that.	The human brain has special properties that other species do not have.Human speech is so complex that it can’t be compared to bird vocalizations, or most other vocalizations in general.
	Anthropocentrism: Artifact analogy	DNA replication is like a copy machine.MHC is the bun, and then the antigen is the hot dog.	We can think about an axon’s passive properties similar to how we would think in terms of a battery.If we look at the Earth’s surface, it looks kind of like the surface of a baseball.
	Anthropocentrism: Human example	Human brains use ATP to function properly.Runners build up lactic acid in their muscles during aerobic workout.	Like humans and most other terrestrial animals, most species of fishes do have two sexes.Every time that I think about the lysosomes I think about Brad Marchand.
Teleological language		Cacti have spikes in order to ward off their predators.The bases, which are hydrophobic, are going to interact more closely in order to avoid the water.	The ligand alters the response so that the receptor becomes activated.And this is all going to happen in order to cause vasoconstriction.
Essentialist language	Homogeneity	All plants contain chloroplasts.If it’s a mammal, it has a placenta.	The first amino acid translated for every polypeptide will always be methionine.PAMPs are found on all pathogens.
	Boundary intensification	So the xylem’s always inside, the phloem’s always outside.Even though the two animals look similar, they are different organisms because they have different DNA.	These non-HDL cholesterols can feed a lesion and deposit lots of lipid there. Whereas, the HDL can actually do the opposite.Increasingly, over age and time, male squirrels go farther and farther away from their birth burrow. The females stay nearby.
	Underlying cause	This gene is responsible for albinism. Without this protein, the organism would have no hair.	The parasite that causes malaria…DNA, okay, is what specifies what your cells are going to become.

Italics emphasize content from examples that led coders to these decisions.