Table 3.

Multivariable linear regression analyses using change in z-scores from 24 months to 6 months as dependent variables, adjusting for z-scores at 6 months (n = 902).

Predictor variable	Overall neurocognitive functioning				Verbal learning and memory domain*				Complex processing speed and cognitive flexibility domain †‡
	?	(95% CI)		p	β	(95% CI)		p	β	(95% CI)		p
Housing variables
Stable housing (% days)	0.015	−0.071	0.100	0.739	0.081	−0.049	0.211	0.219	−0.016	−0.112	0.080	0.740
Lifetime homelessness (≥3 years)	0.052	−0.011	0.116	0.108	−0.002	−0.099	0.094	0.960	0.088	0.016	0.160	0.016
Baseline demographic variables
Age (years)	−0.008	−0.011	−0.004	<0.001	−0.004	−0.008	0.001	0.152	−0.011	−0.015	−0.008	<0.001
Gender (female)	0.046	−0.023	0.116	0.191	0.106	0.001	0.212	0.048	0.027	−0.051	0.104	0.499
Education (≥HS)	0.063	−0.002	0.127	0.056	0.063	−0.035	0.160	0.206	0.085	0.013	0.157	0.021
First language (other)	−0.059	−0.146	0.028	0.186	−0.084	−0.215	0.048	0.213	−0.047	−0.145	0.051	0.344
Race (ref: white)
Indigenous	0.011	−0.102	0.125	0.846	0.074	−0.099	0.247	0.403	−0.073	−0.200	0.054	0.259
Black	−0.123	−0.236	−0.009	0.035	−0.123	−0.295	0.048	0.159	−0.160	−0.288	−0.033	0.014
Other	0.001	−0.099	0.099	1.000	−0.010	−0.161	0.141	0.898	−0.026	−0.137	0.085	0.645
Study site (ref: Toronto)
Moncton	0.090	−0.036	0.216	0.160	0.230	0.038	0.421	0.019	−0.003	−0.145	0.138	0.965
Montreal	0.107	0.017	0.198	0.020	0.267	0.13	0.404	<0.001	0.007	−0.095	0.109	0.895
Winnipeg	0.199	0.084	0.315	0.001	0.476	0.301	0.652	<0.001	0.035	−0.094	0.164	0.594
Baseline clinical variables
High need	−0.065	−0.141	0.011	0.094	−0.093	−0.208	0.022	0.112	−0.064	−0.150	0.021	0.140
Alcohol abuse§	0.015	−0.055	0.085	0.678	−0.047	−0.154	0.059	0.384	0.056	−0.023	0.134	0.165
Substance abuse§	−0.005	−0.074	0.064	0.889	0.013	−0.091	0.118	0.802	−0.019	−0.097	0.059	0.630
Psychosis	−0.021	−0.093	0.050	0.557	−0.008	−0.117	0.1003	0.879	−0.040	−0.12	0.040	0.330
Major depressive disorder	−0.008	−0.078	0.062	0.813	−0.049	−0.155	0.057	0.365	0.027	−0.052	0.105	0.507
PTSD	0.088	0.014	0.162	0.020	0.124	0.011	0.236	0.031	0.064	−0.019	0.147	0.131
Bipolar affective disorder	0.086	−0.015	0.187	0.096	0.226	0.072	0.379	0.004	−0.003	−0.117	0.110	0.956
Neurocognitive performance at 6 months
NP overall/domain z-score	−0.286	−0.331	−0.242	<0.001	−0.436	−0.488	−0.384	<0.001	−0.282	−0.327	−0.236	<0.001
Intercept	0.151	−0.039	0.341	0.120	−0.186	−0.472	0.100	0.202	0.415	0.201	0.629	<0.001
R2				0.192				0.293				0.161
Adjusted R2				0.173				0.277				0.142
RMSE				0.467				0.708				0.523
F-statistic	F (20, 902) = 10.43, p < 0.001				F (20, 902) = 18.22, p < 0.001				F (20, 902) = 8.47, p < 0.001

*Average of HVLT-R total recall and HVLT-R delayed recall.

^†Average of WAIS-R Digit Symbol, Trail A and Trail B.

^‡Missing values at 24-month were replaced with imputed values for 69 individuals.

^§or dependence.

HS, high school; NP, neuropsychological; RMSE, root mean squared error; PTSD, Post-traumatic stress disorder.

Bold-faced p-values indicate statistical significance at the 0.01 level.