Table 4.
Association of coffee and tea intake as categorical or continuous variables with abundance of oral microbial taxaa.
| Categorical | Continuous | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean normalized count |
Fold change (95% CI)b | P-trendc | q-trendc | Fold change (95% CI)b |
P | q-value | ||||
| Coffee | None | <1 c/day | [1-3) c/day | ≥3 c/day | Per cup per day | |||||
| Firmicutes; Bacilli; Lactobacillales; Carnobacteriaceae (Family) | 187.76 | Ref. | 1.03 (0.87, 1.21) | 1 (0.86, 1.15) | 1.26 (1.09, 1.45) | 0.0018 | 0.067 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 0.00016 | 0.006 |
| Firmicutes; Bacilli; Lactobacillales; Carnobacteriaceae; Granulicatella (Genus) | 175.3 | Ref. | 1.01 (0.86, 1.19) | 0.98 (0.85, 1.13) | 1.22 (1.06, 1.41) | 0.0075 | 0.13 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 0.00026 | 0.018 |
| Synergistetes (Phylum) | 1.27 | Ref. | 0.97 (0.72, 1.31) | 1.01 (0.75, 1.36) | 1.54 (1.14, 2.07) | 0.0029 | 0.02 | 1.03 (1, 1.06) | 0.042 | 0.24 |
| Tea | None | <1 c/day | [1-3) c/day | ≥3 c/day | Per cup per day | |||||
| Actinobacteria; Actinobacteria; Bifidobacteriales (Order) | 30.27 | Ref. | 0.55 (0.43, 0.7) | 0.55 (0.4, 0.76) | 0.45 (0.31, 0.65) | NAd | NAd | 0.93 (0.88, 0.98) | 0.0081 | 0.039 |
| Actinobacteria; Actinobacteria; Bifidobacteriales; Bifidobacteriaceae (Family) | 28.45 | Ref. | 0.51 (0.4, 0.66) | 0.5 (0.36, 0.7) | 0.42 (0.28, 0.61) | NAd | NAd | 0.92 (0.87, 0.97) | 0.0034 | 0.042 |
| Bacteroidetes; Flavobacteriia (Class) | 38.28 | Ref. | 0.9 (0.78, 1.04) | 0.89 (0.75, 1.06) | 0.8 (0.66, 0.97) | 0.033 | 0.15 | 0.96 (0.93, 0.99) | 0.008 | 0.042 |
| Bacteroidetes; Flavobacteriia; Flavobacteriales (Order) | 34.77 | Ref. | 0.92 (0.79, 1.06) | 0.91 (0.75, 1.11) | 0.67 (0.53, 0.86) | 0.0063 | 0.063 | 0.94 (0.91, 0.98) | 0.0014 | 0.015 |
| Bacteroidetes; Flavobacteriia; Flavobacteriales; Flavobacteriaceae (Family) | 33.66 | Ref. | 0.9 (0.78, 1.05) | 0.93 (0.76, 1.13) | 0.66 (0.52, 0.85) | 0.0091 | 0.16 | 0.94 (0.91, 0.98) | 0.0018 | 0.034 |
| Bacteroidetes; Flavobacteriia; Flavobacteriales; Flavobacteriaceae; Bergeyella (Genus) | 3.95 | Ref. | 1.15 (0.97, 1.36) | 0.92 (0.74, 1.15) | 0.82 (0.62, 1.08) | 0.095 | 0.52 | 0.93 (0.9, 0.97) | 0.0014 | 0.048 |
| Firmicutes; Bacilli (Class) | 6990.38 | Ref. | 1.12 (0.99, 1.25) | 0.82 (0.71, 0.95) | 1.01 (0.85, 1.19) | 0.13 | 0.29 | 0.96 (0.94, 0.99) | 0.0058 | 0.042 |
| Firmicutes; Bacilli; Bacillales (Order) | 281.53 | Ref. | 1.33 (1.15, 1.54) | 0.97 (0.8, 1.18) | 0.96 (0.75, 1.21) | 0.37 | 0.61 | 0.95 (0.92, 0.99) | 0.0073 | 0.039 |
| Firmicutes; Bacilli; Bacillales; Gemellaceae (Family) | 270.2 | Ref. | 1.36 (1.17, 1.58) | 0.97 (0.8, 1.18) | 0.93 (0.72, 1.18) | 0.27 | 0.5 | 0.94 (0.91, 0.98) | 0.0018 | 0.034 |
| Firmicutes; Bacilli; Lactobacillales (Order) | 5789.13 | Ref. | 1.03 (0.92, 1.15) | 0.76 (0.66, 0.89) | 0.92 (0.76, 1.11) | 0.01 | 0.069 | 0.96 (0.94, 0.99) | 0.011 | 0.04 |
| Firmicutes; Clostridia (Class) | 204.05 | Ref. | 0.98 (0.89, 1.09) | 1.09 (0.96, 1.25) | 1.27 (1.08, 1.48) | 0.0028 | 0.044 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) | 0.01 | 0.042 |
| Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales (Order) | 203.33 | Ref. | 1 (0.89, 1.12) | 1.12 (0.96, 1.31) | 1.31 (1.08, 1.59) | 0.0038 | 0.063 | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | 0.0093 | 0.039 |
| Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; Lachnospiraceae_[XIV]; Shuttleworthia (Genus) | 0.9 | Ref. | 0.88 (0.63, 1.22) | 1.58 (1.06, 2.35) | 2.33 (1.5, 3.62) | 2.60E-05 | 0.0018 | 1.16 (1.09, 1.24) | 1.80E-06 | 0.00012 |
| Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; Lachnospiraceae_[XIV]; Shuttleworthia; satelles (Species) | 0.82 | Ref. | 0.87 (0.62, 1.23) | 1.68 (1.1, 2.56) | 2.52 (1.55, 4.09) | 2.00E-05 | 0.0051 | 1.19 (1.11, 1.28) | 1.00E-06 | 0.00026 |
| Fusobacteria; Fusobacteriia (Class) | 240.24 | Ref. | 0.93 (0.84, 1.03) | 1.04 (0.91, 1.19) | 1.16 (0.99, 1.36) | 0.069 | 0.22 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) | 0.0086 | 0.042 |
| Fusobacteria; Fusobacteriia; Fusobacteriales (Order) | 234.42 | Ref. | 0.95 (0.85, 1.06) | 1.07 (0.92, 1.24) | 1.22 (1.01, 1.48) | 0.038 | 0.13 | 1.05 (1.02, 1.08) | 0.0012 | 0.015 |
| Proteobacteria; Betaproteobacteria; Neisseriales; Neisseriaceae; Kingella; oralis (Species) | 5.06 | Ref. | 1.42 (1.11, 1.81) | 1.18 (0.86, 1.62) | 0.57 (0.39, 0.85) | 0.14 | 0.81 | 0.89 (0.84, 0.95) | 0.00016 | 0.02 |
a
Taxa included in the table were associated with coffee or tea intake at q-trend<0.05 for categorical variable or q-value<0.05 for continuous variable.
b
Parameters are from DESeq2 models adjusted for age, sex, study (CPS-IIa, CPS-IIb, PLCOa, PLCOb), current smoking, BMI (kg/m2), energy intake (kcal/day), ethanol intake (grams/day), and coffee or tea intake (cups/day; in tea and coffee models, respectively).
c
Trend tests across groups were done by entering the categorical variables into the models as continuous terms.
d
P not calculated due to heavy outlier influence on model (maximum Cook's distance>10).