Table 2. Factors associated with uptake of VL test among the pregnancy cohort (living with HIV and on ART) registered for ante-natal care in Mazowe district, Zimbabwe (2017).
| Factors | Total | Viral Load uptake | RR | (95%CI) | aRR* | (95%CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | n | (%) | ||||||
| Total | 1112 | 354 | (31.8) | |||||
| Age group (years) | ||||||||
| 15–19 | 46 | 8 | (17.4) | 0.50 | (0.26, 0.94)^ | 0.70 | (0.35,1.43) | |
| 20–24 | 166 | 46 | (27.7) | 0.79 | (0.60,1.03) | 0.79 | (0.59,1.05) | |
| 25–29 | 283 | 83 | (29.3) | 0.83 | (0.68,1.03) | 0.95 | (0.78,1.17) | |
| 30–49 | 617 | 217 | (35.2) | Ref | ||||
| Gestational Age at ANC registration | ||||||||
| = <12 weeks | 197 | 57 | (28.9) | Ref | ||||
| 13–24 weeks | 669 | 227 | (33.9) | 1.17 | (0.92,1.50) | 0.97 | (0.79,1.18) | |
| 25–32 weeks | 171 | 46 | (26.9) | 0.93 | (0.67,1.29) | 0.85 | (0.64,1.12) | |
| >32 weeks | 44 | 9 | (20.5) | 0.71 | (0.38,1.32) | 0.67 | (0.37,1.19) | |
| Missing | 31 | 15 | (48.4) | 1.67 | (1.09,2.56)^ | 1.41 | (0.90,2.23) | |
| Gravida | ||||||||
| 1 | 78 | 18 | (23.1) | 0.57 | (0.37,0.89)^ | 0.81 | (0.48,1.34) | |
| 2 | 188 | 53 | (28.2) | 0.70 | (0.53,0.93)^ | 0.93 | (0.70,1.22) | |
| 3 | 294 | 96 | (32.7) | 0.81 | (0.65,1.02) | 1.07 | (0.87,1.31) | |
| 4 | 326 | 96 | (29.4) | 0.73 | (0.58,0.92)^ | 0.90 | (0.74,1.09) | |
| >5 | 224 | 90 | (40.2) | Ref | ||||
| Missing | 2 | 1 | (50.0) | ---- | 1.25 | (0.82,1.91) | ||
| Facility | ||||||||
| Clinic | 785 | 208 | (26.5) | 0.59 | (0.50,0.70)^ | 0.64 | (0.53,0.76)^ | |
| Hospital | 327 | 146 | (44.6) | Ref | ||||
| Anaemia** | ||||||||
| No Anaemia | 798 | 253 | (31.7) | Ref | ||||
| Anaemia | 111 | 50 | (45.0) | 1.42 | (1.13,1.79)^ | 1.08 | (0.87,1.34) | |
| Severe Anaemia | 6 | 1 | (16.7) | 0.53 | (0.09,3.16) | 0.59 | (0.20,1.70) | |
| Missing | 197 | 50 | (25.4) | 0.80 | (0.62,1.04) | 0.84 | (0.67,1.07) | |
| Hypertension (HTN) *** | ||||||||
| Normal | 640 | 196 | (30.6) | Ref | † | |||
| Pre-HTN | 355 | 123 | (34.6) | 1.13 | (0.94,1.36) | |||
| Stage 1 HTN | 92 | 28 | (30.4) | 0.99 | (0.71,1.38) | |||
| Stage 2 HTN | 13 | 5 | (38.5) | 1.26 | (0.63,2.52) | |||
| Missing | 12 | 2 | (16.7) | 0.54 | (0.15,1.94) | |||
| Weight (kgs) | ||||||||
| 30–44 | 20 | 6 | (30.0) | 0.96 | (0.48,1.89) | † | ||
| 45–59 | 495 | 161 | (32.5) | 1.04 | (0.87,1.23) | |||
| > = 60 | 583 | 183 | (31.4) | Ref | ||||
| Missing | 14 | 4 | (28.6) | 0.91 | (0.39,2.10) | |||
| ART Status | ||||||||
| Already on ART | 1000 | 307 | (30.7) | 0.73 | (0.58,0.93)^ | 0.98 | (0.76,1.25) | |
| Newly Initiated | 112 | 47 | (42.0) | Ref | ||||
| WHO Staging | ||||||||
| Stage 1 | 208 | 97 | (46.6) | Ref | ||||
| Stage 2 | 271 | 159 | (58.7) | 1.26 | (1.05,1.50)^ | 1.29 | (1.07,1.55)^ | |
| Stage 3 | 98 | 59 | (60.2) | 1.29 | (1.04,1.60)^ | 1.19 | (0.96,1.49) | |
| Stage 4 | 4 | 1 | (25.0) | 0.54 | (0.10,2.95) | 0.54 | (0.12,2.51) | |
| Missing | 531 | 38 | (7.2) | 0.15 | (0.11,0.22)^ | 0.15 | (0.11,0.22)^ | |
| Partner HIV Status | ||||||||
| Positive | 250 | 82 | (32.8) | Ref | ||||
| Negative | 209 | 54 | (25.8) | 0.79 | (0.59,1.05) | 0.83 | (0.64,1.09) | |
| Unknown | 653 | 218 | (33.4) | 1.02 | (0.83,1.25) | 0.94 | (0.78,1.13) | |
| Syphilis Test | ||||||||
| Positive | 56 | 17 | (30.4) | Ref | ||||
| Negative | 939 | 294 | (31.3) | 1.03 | (0.69,1.55) | † | ||
| Not recorded | 117 | 43 | (36.8) | 1.21 | (0.76,1.92) | |||
Row percentage. ANC–Antenatal Care; HTN- Hypertension; ART–Antiretroviral therapy; WHO- World Health Organization; RR–relative risk; aRR–adjusted relative risk; CI- confidence interval
* Adjusted analysis conducted using modified Poisson regression
† weight, hypertension and syphilis test were not included in the regression model as their unadjusted p value was >0.2
**Anaemia—No anaemia > = 11 hbg%; Anaemia = 7–11 hbg%; Severe Anaemia<7 hbg%
*** Hypertension—Normal is <120/80; pre-HTN is 120-139/80-89; Stage1 HTN is 140-159/90-109; Stage 2 HTN is > = 160/110
^p<0.05