Table 1.
Select Long Noncoding RNAs Associated with Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
| lncRNA/Gene Symbol | Target(s) | Biological Functions | Analysis | Study Model | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UCSC_3382_2454 | CYP1B1 | Metabolic pathways | Microarray | Lung tissues from healthy individuals and smokers with/without COPD | 19 |
| RNA175876|ENST00000554946 | NF-κB activating protein 1 | Cell signaling | |||
| RNA43329|UCSC_1041_4013, RNA45078|UCSC_3181_2530, and RNA53055|H-InvDB_314_668 | IG gene | ||||
| RNA37093 |ENCODE-1963-473, RNA175499|ENST00000544591, RNA48255|UCSC-7110-1509, RNA174930|ENST00000508732, RNA47218|UCSC_5826_1803, RNA53748|H-InvDB_1025_432, RNA44480|UCSC_2447_2885, RNA39398|RefSeq_1374_2314, RNA44021|UCSC_1880_3276, and RNA39240|RefSeq_1208_2498 | — | — | |||
| TUG1 | α-SMA and fibronectins | Cell proliferation | Microarray | Lung tissues from patients with COPD | 20 |
| SAL-RNA1, SAL-RNA2, and SAL-RNA3 | SIRT1/FoxO3a, p53, p21 | Cellular senescence | Lung tissues from patients with COPD | 21 | |
| LINC00599, LINC01362, LINC00824, LINC01624, RP11-563D10.1, RP11-98G13.1, and AC004791.2 | — | — | RNA-seq | Whole-blood cells from former and current smokers with COPD | 22 |
| LINC00987, A2M-AS1, and LINC00612 | A2M | Protease inhibitor | RNA-seq | Whole-blood cells from nonsmokers and smokers with COPD | 23 |
| HLA-DQB1-AS1 | ADRB1 | Adrenergic receptor involved in cardiac muscle contractility and bronchomotor tone | |||
| LOC101928100 and LINC00861 | RORA | Nuclear receptor; involved in metabolism and inflammation | |||
| RORA-AS1 | TGF-β3 | Implicated in lung development, ion homeostasis, cell adhesion, and extracellular matrix production | |||
| ENST00000502883.1/RP11-499E18.1 | CXCL16 | Expressed by T cells, B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells; chemoattractant for T-helper type 1 cells | Microarray | PBMCs in smokers and subjects with COPD | 25 |
| NR_026891.1/FLJ10038 | CXCL16 | ||||
| HIT000648516 | HMOX1 | Induced by inflammation and oxidative stress; regulates cellular homeostasis and the Nrf2-Keap 1 pathway | |||
| XR_429541.1 | SLA2 | Inhibits T-cell activation; highly expressed in hematopoietic cells | |||
| ENST00000597550.1/CTD-2245F17.3 | SIGLEC14 | Expressed in innate immune cells; involved in cell adhesion | |||
| ANRIL | TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-17A, LTB-4 | Inflammatory cytokine | Plasma from patients with acute exacerbations of COPD and stable patients with COPD | 29 | |
| ENST00000447867 and NR-026690 | RAPGEF3 | Multifunctional protein; intracellular sensors of cAMP; nucleotide exchange factors | Microarray | CD4+T cells from patients with COPD | 30 |
| NR_102714 | UCHL1 | Deubiquitinating enzyme regulation | RNA-seq | CS-induced COPD mouse model and 16HBE cells | 33 |
| Fantom3_D330021G15 | IL1RL1 | Toll-like receptor; induced by proinflammatory cytokines | |||
| Fantom3_D830009E10 | GGT5 | Enzyme involved in biosynthesis | |||
| AK076311 and UC007COI.2 | CCR10 | Inflammation-associated biomarker | Microarray | Mouse model of CS exposure | 36 |
| ENSMUST00000181247 | CD177 |
Definition of abbreviations: α-SMA = α-smooth muscle actin; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CS = cigarette smoke; lncRNA = long noncoding RNA; PBMC = peripheral blood mononuclear cell; RNA-seq = RNA sequencing.