Table 1. Uses of green propolis according to dental areas.

Dental area	Experimental aim	Activities and/or results	Experim. model	Ref.
Abbreviations: EEP, ethanolic extract of propolis; GIC, glass ionomer cement; HSV-1, herpes simplex virus type 1; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; SEM, scanning electron microscope.
Oral hygiene and caries pathogens	Cariogenic bacteria cytotoxicity	- All presented antimicrobial action against Streptococcus mutans , S. sanguinis , S. salivarius , and Lactobacillus casei - Low cytotoxicity in osteoblasts in the three concentrations of varnishes	In vitro	33
	Evaluate adherence, appreciation, and acceptability of the mouthwash	Of 25 patients, 21 completed the study. Most reported unpleasant taste, but were satisfied and noted positive changes in oral health; - Satisfactory adhesion (≥ 80%)	In vivo Human	34
	Plaque control and gingivitis	After 45 and 90 days of use, there were significant reductions ( p < 0.5) in plaque index and gingival index (24 and 40%, respectively), when compared with control samples; - There were no significant side effects in the soft and hard tissues of the mouth	In vivo Human	35
	Influence on oral cavity health	- Efficacy in hygiene preparations in two groups of patients: (1) without pathological changes at the periodontium boundaries and (2) in cases of risk of gingivitis caused by biofilm; - Effective as a support for the removal of the plaque and to improve marginal periodontal status	In vivo Human	36
	Influence on oral cavity health	- It efficiently aided the removal of the biofilm and improved the state of the marginal periodontium; - Antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria, as Candida albicans ; - No activity against Escherichia coli was observed, but there was activity mainly against S. mutans and L. casei	In vivo Human	37
	Comparative evaluation of extracts of propolis and Baccharis dracunculifolia on cariogenic factors of S. mutans	- Both extracts produced a bacteriostatic effect; - Similar inhibitory effect against acid production and the synthesis of insoluble and soluble glucans	In vitro	38
Periodontics	Effect on oral epithelial dysplasia	- Important protective role during chemically induced lingual carcinogenesis in rats	In vivo Animal	39
	Efficacy against HSV-1 infection in rats	- Showed direct anti-HSV-1 activity and intradermal immune activity against HSV-1	In vivo Animal	40
	Response in the lingual mucosa of hamsters submitted to experimental carcinogenesis	- There was no significant difference in the evaluation periods and the presence of squamous cell carcinoma was observed	In vivo Animal	41
	Treatment of periodontitis	- There was a 95% regression in gingivitis and suppuration in all the teeth irrigated with the gel, reduction in the probing depth of the pockets in all teeth not previously scraped and root planning; - The reorganization of the alveolar bone was not observed; - Increased gingival retraction and reduced mobility were noted.	In vivo Human	42
	Effectiveness against gingivitis	- After 21 days without oral hygiene, no significant difference was found for the measurements of papillary bleeding scores in the group that used the mouthwash compared with positive control group	In vivo Human	43
	Prevention of oral mucositis induced by radiation	- Of 24 patients, 20 did not develop mucositis, 2 developed in grade 1, and 2 developed in grade 2; - No interruption of food intake and no report of pain; - Candidiasis was not detected in any patient.	In vivo Human	44
	Antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens	- Inhibited all 15 microorganisms tested, showing greater zone of inhibition for Actinomyces spp .; - Inhibition of cell adhesion and the formation of insoluble glucan in water	In vitro	45
	Antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens	- Activity against 8 strains of tested microorganisms, similar to propolis, with higher activity against strains of E. salivarius , S. sanguinis , S. mitis , and C. albicans	In vitro	46
	Susceptibility of oral pathogenic bacteria and fungi	- All 16 microorganisms tested were susceptible to the extract; - None of the isolated fractions tested were more active than the extract	In vitro	47
	Effect on mechanisms of adherence of C. albicans	- Exerted influence on the cellular morphology of C. albicans and acted on the formation of the germinative tube; - It has been shown to alter the cell wall of the microorganism	In vitro	48
	Oral pathogens and periodontal fibroblasts	- Inhibited the growth of S. mutans in low concentrations inhibited the growth of S. sanguinis or Porphyromonas gingivalis ; but did not inhibit the growth of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans , even at the highest concentration; - Low cytotoxicity to the periodontal tissue up to the highest concentration	In vitro	49
	Adhesive mucoresponsive system for the treatment of lesions caused by HSV-1	- Inhibited the virus during the viral infection phase; - Induced damage to the virion; - Demonstrated ability to protect cells from viral infection	In vitro	50
Oral and maxillofacial surgery	Effect of topical propolis and dexamethasone on the healing of oral surgical wounds	- It had a greater anti-inflammatory effect and reduced the healing time of surgical wounds compared with dexamethasone in Orabase gel	In vivo Animal	51
	Evaluation of oral microflora after maintenance hygiene after minor oral surgeries	- Affected gram-positive rods and bacilli, and gram-negative bacilli; - Deep reduction in the amount of Neisseria spp . and strains of Bifidobacterium spp .; - Eliminated 7 species of microorganisms	In vivo Human	52
	Influence on hygiene and buccal microbiota after mandibular fractures	- Pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms were eliminated: in 16 patients there was a reduction of 54 strains of microorganisms to 48 after using the gel with an ethanolic extract; - In the 15 patients who used gel without the EEP there was an increase from 41 to 57 strains. There was no harmful influence on physiological microflora	In vivo Human	53
	Biological activity in oral health after rehabilitation of implants supported	Acted effectively on the reduction in dental plaque and showed a local therapeutic effect on the marginal periodontium; - Bacteria with pathogenic potential, particularly stems Enterobacteriaceae spp ; - Beneficial influence on the bacterial modification of the oral cavity; - Little influence on C. albicans spp	In vivo Human	54
Dentistry, operative	Effect on the physicomechanical properties of GIC	- Use of propolis combined with glass ionomer cements is promising - Proposed as a resource against caries disease and prevention to secondary caries	In vitro	55
	Antidemineralizing and antibacterial effect against S. mutans dental biofilm	- Antibacterial against S. mutans biofilm; - Low potential to inhibit the demineralization process	In vitro	56
	As a cavity disinfectant	- Action only bacteriostatic against S. mutans and L. acidophilus , having less efficacy than 2% chlorhexidine solution	In vitro	57
Orthodontics	Hygiene, gingival state, and oral microflora in cases of cleft palate treated with fixed orthodontic appliance	- Significant decrease in Plate Orthodontic Index, Gingival Index, and percentage of Actinomyces spp. and Capnocytophaga spp .	In vivo Human	58
Endodontics	Pulpal repair after pulpotomy	- Inflammatory response consisting of neutrophils was observed; necrosis was observed, and its extension increased with time; - Vascular congestion, edema and hemorrhage were observed	In vivo Animal	59
	Inflammatory response of three cell lines	- Suppresses the LPS-induced inflammatory response of cells within the root canals	In vitro	60
	Development of a propolis-based irrigant solution and its effect on the bonding of fiberglass posts to the root canal dentin	- Propolis-based irrigation protocols do not interfere in the bonding performance of posts cemented to root canal dentin	In vitro	61
	Decontamination ability when associated with calcium hydroxide paste	- Associated with calcium hydroxide paste as vehicle and addictive - Increased the antimicrobial effect of the calcium hydroxide paste	In vitro	62
	Proliferation and apoptosis of periodontal ligament fibroblasts	- Decreased apoptosis and increased metabolic activity and proliferation of periodontal ligament cells	In vitro	63
Prosthodontics	Treatment of oral candidiasis	- All patients treated with the extract had lesion regression similar to that observed in patients treated with nystatin	In vivo Human	64
	Efficacy for the treatment of prosthetic stomatitis	- All patients treated with the gel had complete clinical remission of edema and palmar erythema, which also occurred in the positive control	In vivo Human	65
	Comparison with miconazole gel in the treatment of C. albicans associated with prosthetic stomatitis	- Significant reduction or complete remission of prosthetic stomatitis and significant decrease of C. albicans colonies; - Effect similar to that of miconazole gel	In vivo Human	66