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. 2019 Nov 27;7:352. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00352

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Copyright © 2019 Marolt Presen, Traweger, Gimona and Redl.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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MSC-based bone regeneration strategies. Cultured MSCs can be used for cell therapies or for therapeutic secretome/EVs production (arrow). In tissue engineering (TE) therapies, MSCs or MSC-EVs are applied in combination with biomaterial scaffolds. For certain indications, MSCs are seeded on biomaterial scaffolds and cultured in vitro in bioreactors, to support engineered tissue development and maturation prior to application.