| In the atopic dermatitis (AD) epidermis, phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 isoform expression is increased up to three-fold compared with healthy skin. |
| PDE4 inhibition with apremilast significantly changed messenger RNA expression of several interleukins (ILs), alarmins, and small proline-rich protein, in IL-4- and IL-17-stimulated adult human epidermal keratinocyte cells. |
| In mouse models of AD, apremilast significantly reduced ear swelling and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 protein expression. |
| Results highlight the potential direct effects and limitations of PDE4 inhibition on keratinocyte responses in AD. |
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