. 2019 Nov 4;33(12):1187–1199. doi: 10.1007/s40263-019-00674-8

Table 3.

Association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels with occurrence of magnetic resonance imaging lesions

Study	Year	n	Follow-up (years)	Proportional decrease in OR/IR/RR/HR for each 25 nmol/L increase in 25(OH)D (%)^a	Specification
Mowry et al. [43]	2012	469	5	15	T2, RRMS/CIS
Mowry et al. [43]	2012	469	5	32	GE, RRMS/CIS
Løken-Amsrud et al. [46]	2012	88	0.5	29	T2, untreated RRMS^b
Løken-Amsrud et al. [46]	2012	88	0.5	32	GE, untreated RRMS^b
Ascherio et al. [40]	2014	465	5	29–32	T2/GE, CIS
Fitzgerald et al. [44]	2015	1482	2	16	T2/GE, RRMS
Cree et al. [45]	2016	517	2	50	GE, only in RRMS subgroup

25(OH)D 25-hydroxyvitamin D, CIS clinically isolated syndrome, GE new gadolinium-enhancing T1 lesions, HR hazard ratio, IR incidence risk, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, OR odds ratio, RR relative risk, RRMS relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis, T2 new T2 lesions

^aOR, IR, RR, and HR for a new MRI lesion (yes/no) values were linearly recalculated to correspond with a 25 nmol/L (10 ng/L) increase in 25(OH)D levels

^bNo effect of 25(OH) D during 1.5 subsequent years on interferon-β