TABLE 3.
Significantly dysregulated genes on skeletal muscle after NMES.
| Gene name | Gene symbol | Mean log10 RQ ± SE |
| Protein balance | ||
| Insulin like growth factor 1 | IGF1 | 0.36 ± 0.18 |
| Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha | PI3KCA | 0.12 ± 0.06 |
| Mechanistic target of rapamycin | MTOR | 0.17 ± 0.11 |
| Forkhead box O1 | FOXO1 | −0.28 ± 0.15 |
| Myostatin | MSTN | −0.15 ± 0.13 |
| AKT serine/threonine kinase | AKT | 0.05 ± 0.11 |
| Mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 | MUL1 | −0.03 ± 0.05 |
| Ubiquitin like modifier activating enzyme 1 | UBA1 | 0.01 ± 0.11 |
| Ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 A | UBE2A | −0.02 ± 0.17 |
| Tripartite motif containing 63 | TRIM63 (MURF1) | −0.06 ± 0.12 |
| Proteasome 26S subunit, ATPase 6 | PSMC6 | −0.20 ± 0.23 |
| Oxidative management | ||
| Catalase | CAT | −0.03 ± 0.09 |
| Superoxide dismutase 1, soluble | SOD1 | 0.00 ± 0.14 |
| Superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial | SOD2 | −0.12 ± 0.09 |
| Glutathione peroxidase 1 | GPX1 | −0.39 ± 0.17 |
| Glutathione-disulfide reductase | GSR | 0.12 ± 0.10 |
| Glutathione S-transferase kappa 1 | GSTK1 | −0.18 ± 0.19 |
| Apoptosis | ||
| BCL2 associated agonist of cell death | BAD | −0.42 ± 0.33 |
| BCL2, apoptosis regulator | BCL2 | −0.31 ± 0.09 |
| Caspase 2 | CASP2 | 0.43 ± 0.09 |
| Caspase 3 | CASP3 | −0.03 ± 0.29 |
| Caspase 6 | CASP6 | 0.08 ± 0.15 |
| Caspase 7 | CASP7 | 0.24 ± 0.09 |
| Caspase 8 | CASP8 | 0.30 ± 0.30 |
| Caspase 9 | CASP9 | −0.17 ± 0.71 |
| Tumor necrosis factor | TNF | 0.32 ± 0.32 |
| Fas associated via death domain | FADD | −0.03 ± 0.31 |
| Myogenesis | ||
| Myogenic differentiation 1 | MYOD1 | 0.24 ± 0.11 |
| Paired box 7 | PAX7 | 0.06 ± 0.14 |
| Tumor necrosis factor | TNF | 0.32 ± 0.32 |
| Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 | MAPK1 (p38) | 0.17 ± 0.07 |
| Myogenin | MYOG | 0.16 ± 0.11 |
Gene expression levels were analyzed with RT-PCR using TaqMan low density arrays. Data are expressed as the log10 of Relative Quantification (RQ) of the transcripts for the target genes versus GAPDH. Gene expressions are represented as mean ±SE comparing post-NMES versus pre-NMES. Up-regulated genes have positive values; down-regulated genes have negative values.