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. 2019 Dec 3;9:18194. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54684-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Epileptic patients with granule cell dispersion and loss of hilar neurons have aberrant PSA-NCAM+ cells with multibasal dendrites in the hSGA, and unusually large PSA-NCAM+ cells and thick fibers with varicosities in the hilus. Nissl staining (A1,B1) and PSA-NCAM immunohistochemistry with methyl green nuclear staining (A2,B2,C–F) in the dentate gyrus of an epileptic patient (EP9, see Supplemental Table 1) with granule cell dispersion and loss of hilar neurons. The boxed regions in (A1,A2,B2,E) are enlarged in (B1,B2,C,D,F), respectively. Note the PSA-NCAM+ cells with multi-basal dendrites in the human subgranular area (hSGA) (B2,C), thick fibers with varicosities (B2,D), and strongly PSA-NCAM+ large cells (E,F) in the hilus. GCL, granule cell layer. Scale bars = 1 mm in A1 and A2; 200 μm in (B1,B2,E); and 50 μm in (C,D,F).