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. 2019 Dec 3;9:18172. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54715-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Distribution of breeding areas and sampling localities of whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus) and Eurasian curlew (N. arquata). Each circle or triangle symbol represents a sampled individual. The black lines across Europe represent the maximum extent of the European ice sheet at the last glacial maximum⁷⁰. (b) Coloured bars represent Structure results at K = 2 for Palaearctic whimbrels. Each bar represents the results for an individual at its approximate sampling locality. Orange and blue polygons represent barriers and corridors to gene flow, respectively, as identified by EEMS. Dark and light shades represent posterior probabilities of >0.95 and >0.90, respectively. The inset shows the results for whimbrels sampled from Australia. (c) Principal component (PC) analysis of Palaearctic whimbrels, with percentage of variation of the two most important PCs. Ellipses represent 95% confidence intervals. Due to low sample size, no ellipses were calculated for N. p. alboaxillaris, and rogachevae. Colours correspond to the breeding populations in (a). (d) Coloured bars represent Structure results at K = 3 for Eurasian curlews. Each bar represents the results for an individual at its approximate sampling locality. No significant barriers or corridors were identified by EEMS. (e) PC analysis of Eurasian curlews, with percentage of variation of the two most important PCs. Ellipses represent 95% confidence intervals. Due to low sample size, no ellipses were calculated for N. a. orientalis. Colours correspond to the breeding populations in (a).