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. 2019 Dec 3;9:18172. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54715-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Principal component (PC) analysis of all whimbrels, with percentage of variation for the two most important PCs, including Nearctic (N. p. hudsonicus and rufiventris) and Palaearctic (N. p. phaeopus, islandicus, alboaxillaris, rogachevae and variegatus) populations. Ellipses represent 95% confidence intervals. (b) Maximum likelihood tree of all whimbrels using 438,477 bp of sequence data. Only bootstrap support >50 is displayed. Colours of the bars at the terminal ends of branches correspond to the breeding populations in Fig. 1a.