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. 2019 Dec 3;9:18160. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54576-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of honey or sugar solution on established P. aeruginosa biofilms and on cell viability within the biofilms. Established P. aeruginosa PAO1 (left panels) and PA14 (right panels) biofilms were treated with four NZ honeys (manuka, Medihoney, manuka-kanuka, and clover), or a sugar solution. Biofilm biomass remaining post-treatment (coloured lines) was quantified using crystal violet staining and expressed as OD₅₉₅ (left y-axis). The corresponding cell viability (black line) within remaining biofilms was assessed via ATP production using the BacTitre Glo Viability Kit and CFU/well values were determined from a previously established standard curve (right y-axis). Data represents mean values from three biological replicates, all performed in triplicate ± SD. Coloured (*) indicate statistically significant decrease (p < 0.05) in biofilm biomass and black (*) indicates statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in ATP production, both relative to the control (at 0% honey concentration).