Table 4.
Odds ratio associated with risk factors for clinically-assessed ocular complications of T2D in sub-Saharan Africa.
| Complication/comorbidity | Risk factor | uORa | 95% CI | P-value | aORb | 95% CI | P-value | aORc | 95% CI | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cataracts | Age (Years) | 1.09 | (1.07–1.10) | <0.001 | 1.09 | (1.08–1.10) | <0.001 | 1.09 | (1.08–1.10) | <0.001 |
| Sex (Ref = males) | 0.94 | (0.78–1.14) | 0.529 | 1.15 | (0.91–1.44) | 0.236 | 1.22 | (0.96–1.55) | 0.100 | |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 1.06 | (1.05–1.08) | <0.001 | 0.97 | (0.95–0.99) | 0.005 | 0.97 | (0.95–0.99) | 0.014 | |
| Duration of T2D | 1.56 | (1.22–1.99) | <0.001 | 1.03 | (1.01–1.05) | <0.001 | 1.03 | (1.01–1.05) | 0.001 | |
| Accra, Ghana | 0.69 | (0.51–0.95) | 0.024 | 3.24 | (2.27–4.62) | <0.001 | 3.36 | (2.35–4.82) | <0.001 | |
| Kumasi, Ghana | 0.7 | (0.54–0.90) | 0.007 | 1.28 | (0.85–1.94) | 0.243 | 1.18 | (0.73–1.91) | 0.504 | |
| Enugu, Nigeria | 0.95 | (0.75–1.19) | 0.627 | 1.08 | (0.76–1.55) | 0.667 | 1.18 | (0.82–1.70) | 0.367 | |
| Ibadan, Nigeria | 2.43 | (1.79–3.31) | <0.001 | 1.09 | (0.79–1.51) | 0.603 | 0.94 | (0.66–1.32) | 0.715 | |
| Lagos, Nigeria | 0.72 | (0.56–0.92) | 0.008 | 4.52 | (2.98–6.85) | <0.001 | 4.81 | (3.13–7.38) | <0.001 | |
| Glaucoma | Age (Years) | 1.03 | (1.02–1.05) | <0.001 | 1.03 | (1.01–1.05) | 0.001 | 1.03 | (1.01–1.05) | 0.004 |
| Sex (Ref = males) | 0.56 | (0.39–0.80) | 0.002 | 0.66 | (0.44–0.97) | 0.036 | 0.55 | (0.36–0.83) | 0.004 | |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 0.96 | (0.93–0.99) | 0.023 | 0.98 | (0.94–1.02) | 0.228 | 0.98 | (0.94–1.02) | 0.359 | |
| Duration of T2D | 1.03 | (1.01–1.06) | 0.005 | 1.02 | (0.99–1.05) | 0.134 | 1.02 | (0.99–1.05) | 0.170 | |
| Accra, Ghana | 0.91 | (0.56–1.48) | 0.697 | 0.32 | (0.18–0.55) | <0.001 | 0.31 | (0.18–0.54) | <0.001 | |
| Kumasi, Ghana | 0.67 | (0.34–1.34) | 0.259 | 0.2 | (0.09–0.44) | <0.001 | 0.18 | (0.07–0.45) | <0.001 | |
| Enugu, Nigeria | 0.45 | (0.22–0.88) | 0.021 | 0.14 | (0.07–0.29) | <0.001 | 0.12 | (0.06–0.26) | <0.001 | |
| Ibadan, Nigeria | 0.23 | (0.13–0.42) | <0.001 | 0.08 | (0.04–0.15) | <0.001 | 0.06 | (0.03–0.13) | <0.001 | |
| Lagos, Nigeria | 1.13 | (0.61–2.08) | 0.702 | 0.30 | (0.16–0.59) | <0.001 | 0.30 | (0.16–0.59) | <0.001 | |
| Diabetic retinopathy | Age (Years) | 1.02 | (1.01–1.04) | <0.001 | 1.01 | (1.00–1.03) | 0.095 | 1.02 | (1.00–1.03) | 0.031 |
| Sex (Ref = males) | 0.91 | (0.69–1.19) | 0.493 | 1.07 | (0.80–1.43) | 0.657 | 1.06 | (0.78–1.44) | 0.712 | |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 1.07 | (1.06–1.09) | <0.001 | 0.97 | (0.94–1.00) | 0.063 | 0.97 | (0.94–1.00) | 0.058 | |
| Duration of T2D | 1.3 | (0.92–1.82) | 0.135 | 1.07 | (1.05–1.09) | <0.001 | 1.07 | (1.05–1.09) | <0.001 | |
| Accra, Ghana | 0.6 | (0.36–1.00) | 0.048 | 1.12 | (0.74–1.71) | 0.586 | 1.09 | (0.71–1.66) | 0.689 | |
| Kumasi, Ghana | 0.77 | (0.53–1.12) | 0.168 | 0.52 | (0.30–0.92) | 0.024 | 0.61 | (0.32–1.18) | 0.141 | |
| Enugu, Nigeria | 0.72 | (0.51–1.01) | 0.059 | 0.63 | (0.40–0.98) | 0.041 | 0.61 | (0.39–0.96) | 0.032 | |
| Ibadan, Nigeria | 1.41 | (0.90–2.19) | 0.13 | 0.5 | (0.33–0.76) | 0.001 | 0.45 | (0.28–0.71) | 0.001 | |
| Lagos, Nigeria | 1.42 | (1.05–1.93) | 0.022 | 1.08 | (0.65–1.80) | 0.764 | 1.11 | (0.66–1.86) | 0.706 |
a
uOR, unadjusted odds ratio from logistic regression model.
b
aOR, adjusted odds ratio from logistic regression model including all variables listed.
c
aOR, adjusted odds ratio from logistic regression model including all variables listed, plus glucose control (yes/no). The reference site is Eldoret (Kenya).