Table 2.
Intervention
| Author, year | Intervention program | Duration (min) | Session frequency | Treatment period | Number of sessions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perera et al., 201342 | Outpatient biofeedback with either perianal surface electrodes or internal anal electrode EMG performed seated | 30–60 | Once weekly | 4–6 weeks | Maximum 6 |
| Isolated pelvic floor muscle contractions | |||||
| Pelvic floor muscle relaxation while bearing down +/− abdominal surface EMG electrodes | |||||
| Home training not reported | |||||
| Vasant et al., 201754 | Biofeedback with anal manometry | 45–60 |
Median 71 (IQR 42) days between sessions |
Not stated | Median 2 (IQR 1) |
| Anal sphincter exercises for strength training | |||||
| Both contraction and relaxation if indicated for dyssynergic defecation | |||||
| Home training included but not described | |||||
| Oresland et al., 198851 | Prior to stoma reversal | 50–60 | Not reported | 2–8 weeks | Average 8 (5–10) |
| Supervised anal sphincter training with anal pressure manometry—maximal and submaximal squeezes | |||||
| Pouch balloon dilatation to maximum tolerated volume for 60 s (×4–6 per session) | |||||
| Home anal sphincter exercises several times daily after stoma reversal and with urge or sensation of pouch filling | |||||
| Jorge et al., 199452 |
Prior to stoma reversal 5‐min sessions 5 times daily |
Not reported | Not reported | 5 weeks | Not reported |
| Maximum anal sphincter/pelvic floor muscle squeezes held for up to 10 s | |||||
| Home training implied from daily sessions | |||||
| Hull et al., 199553 | EMG biofeedback with perianal electrodes and manometry balloon in the pouch | 30–45 | Not reported | Not reported |
Median 1 session Range, 1–3 |
| Patients learned to increase pouch pressure while decreasing anal sphincter EMG activity | |||||
| Home training not reported | |||||
| Quinn et al., 201739 | Biofeedback training method not described but was instrument based | 30–60 |
Week 1 3 sessions daily |
2 weeks |
Maximum 25 sessions |
| Home training not reported |
Week 2 2 sessions daily |
||||
| Segal et al., 201855 | Individualized bowel retraining program including pelvic floor exercises and urge resistance. Biofeedback method and training protocol not described. | Not reported | Not reported | 6–8 months | Maximum 6 sessions |
| Home training included but not described |
EMG, electromyography; IQR, interquartile range.