Fig. 3.

Transcript profiles for target genes (metalothionein 1 (mt1), catalase (cat), and hypoxia inducible factor 1α (hif1α)) in the gill or liver of male sticklebacks exposed to different levels of air saturation (100%; 75% and 50% AS) in the presence or absence of copper (0 or 20 μg Cu/L). Data are presented as average fold change ± standard error mean, with the transcription of each gene normalised against the transcription of the control gene rpl8. Individual data points classified as outliers, identified by Chauvenet’s criterion, and points for which the transcription was below the detection limit of the assay were excluded from the analysis, resulting in a replication of n = 8–12 fish per treatment group. Statistical comparisons were conducted using accepted minimum adequate models (analysis of variance model, R; P < 0.05) with model details reported in Table 1.