Table 2.
Antidiabetic activity of Ganoderma polysaccharides.
| Polysaccharide | Tissue | Enzyme | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hot water extract | liver | glycogen phosphorylase (GP) ↓ | [27] |
| fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP) ↓ | |||
| glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P) ↓ | |||
| phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) ↓ | [27,28] | ||
| glycogen synthase (GS) ↓ | [28] | ||
| manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) ↓ | [29] | ||
| serum | glutathione peroxidase (GPx) ↓ | ||
| p66Shc ↓ | |||
| pancreatic islet | nuclear factor kappa (NF-κB) ↓ | [30] | |
| insulin promoter factor 1 (PDX-1) ↓ | [31,32] | ||
| Bax ↓ | |||
| calcium-insensitive nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) ↓ | |||
| caspase 3 (Casp-3) ↓ | |||
| F31 | liver | AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) ↓ | [1,33,34] |
| ganoderan B | liver | glucokinase (GCK) ↑ | [35] |
| Phosphofructokinase (PFK-1) ↑ | |||
| glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) ↑ | |||
| glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P) ↓ | |||
| glycogen synthase (GS) ↓ | |||
| FYGL | skeletal muscle | tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) ↓ | [36] |
| PSG-1 (G. atrum) | pancreatic cells | Bax ↓ | [37] |
| Bcl-2 ↑ | |||
| endothelium | phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) ↑ | [38] | |
| phospho-Akt (p-Akt) ↑ | |||
| nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) ↑ |