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. 2019 Nov 18;24(22):4176. doi: 10.3390/molecules24224176

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The cytotoxic effects of CdCl₂ on normal kidney epithelial (NKE) cells and the protective effect of carnosic acid (CA) as estimated by cell viability, image, and flow cytometry analyses. (A) Concentration dependent cytotoxic effect of CdCl₂. Data were represented as the mean ± SD, n (number of plates) = 3. (B) Effect on the cell viability in the absence (CdCl₂) and presence of CA (CdCl₂ + CA) on NKE cells. (C) Hoechst staining of NKE cells in the absence (CdCl₂) and presence of CA (CdCl₂ + CA). Percentage of viable cells is represented by histogram. (D) Flow cytometry analyses of NKE cells the absence (CdCl₂) and presence of CA (CdCl₂ + CA). Annexin V–fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) positive and propidium iodide (PI) negative cells were in the early stage of apoptosis and both annexin V–FITC and PI positive cells were in the end stage of apoptosis. Percentage of apoptotic cells is represented by histogram. Data were represented as the mean ± SD, n (number of plates) = 3. ^# Values significantly (p < 0.01) differed from the vehicle-treated group. * Values significantly (p < 0.05) differed from only the CdCl₂-treated group. ** Values significantly (p < 0.01) differed from only the CdCl₂-treated group.

The cytotoxic effects of CdCl₂ on normal kidney epithelial (NKE) cells and the protective effect of carnosic acid (CA) as estimated by cell viability, image, and flow cytometry analyses. (A) Concentration dependent cytotoxic effect of CdCl₂. Data were represented as the mean ± SD, n (number of plates) = 3. (B) Effect on the cell viability in the absence (CdCl₂) and presence of CA (CdCl₂ + CA) on NKE cells. (C) Hoechst staining of NKE cells in the absence (CdCl₂) and presence of CA (CdCl₂ + CA). Percentage of viable cells is represented by histogram. (D) Flow cytometry analyses of NKE cells the absence (CdCl₂) and presence of CA (CdCl₂ + CA). Annexin V–fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) positive and propidium iodide (PI) negative cells were in the early stage of apoptosis and both annexin V–FITC and PI positive cells were in the end stage of apoptosis. Percentage of apoptotic cells is represented by histogram. Data were represented as the mean ± SD, n (number of plates) = 3. ^# Values significantly (p < 0.01) differed from the vehicle-treated group. * Values significantly (p < 0.05) differed from only the CdCl₂-treated group. ** Values significantly (p < 0.01) differed from only the CdCl₂-treated group.