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. 2019 Nov 18;24(22):4176. doi: 10.3390/molecules24224176

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The effects of CdCl₂ and/or CA on the redox imbalance in vivo in mouse kidney. (A) Scheme for in vivo experiment. (B) The effect on ROS accumulation, NO production, H₂O₂ level, and NADPH oxidase activity. (C) The effects on lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation. (D) The effects on GSH level and redox ratio. (E) The effects on endogenous antioxidant molecules. (F) The effect on total co-enzymes Qs. (G) The effects on DNA oxidation and DNA fragmentation. Data are represented as the mean ± SD, n = 6. ^# Values significantly (p < 0.01) differed from the vehicle-treated group. * Values significantly (p < 0.05) differed from only the CdCl₂-treated group. ** Values significantly (p < 0.01) differed from only the CdCl₂-treated group. SOD unit, “U”, is defined as inhibition (μ-moles) of NBT-reduction/min. CAT unit, “U”, is defined as H₂O₂ consumption/min.

The effects of CdCl₂ and/or CA on the redox imbalance in vivo in mouse kidney. (A) Scheme for in vivo experiment. (B) The effect on ROS accumulation, NO production, H₂O₂ level, and NADPH oxidase activity. (C) The effects on lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation. (D) The effects on GSH level and redox ratio. (E) The effects on endogenous antioxidant molecules. (F) The effect on total co-enzymes Qs. (G) The effects on DNA oxidation and DNA fragmentation. Data are represented as the mean ± SD, n = 6. ^# Values significantly (p < 0.01) differed from the vehicle-treated group. * Values significantly (p < 0.05) differed from only the CdCl₂-treated group. ** Values significantly (p < 0.01) differed from only the CdCl₂-treated group. SOD unit, “U”, is defined as inhibition (μ-moles) of NBT-reduction/min. CAT unit, “U”, is defined as H₂O₂ consumption/min.