Table 7.
Dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A and risk of liver and renal cancer.
| Food Groups a | Aflatoxin B1 | Ochratoxin A | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure (ng/kg bw b/day) |
HCC Risk d (cases/100,000 Population) | MOEeHCC | MOEfHCC Adjusted | Exposure (ng/kg bw/day) |
MOEe RC | MOEfRC Adjusted | ||||
| MBc | LB-UBc | MB | LB-UB | MB | LB-UB | |||||
| Rice and products | 52.2 | 41.2–52.8 | 5.3 | 4.2–5.4 | 3 | 1 | 14.2 | 0–1900 | 1478 | 468 |
| Wheat and products | 1.0 | 0–1.9 | 0.1 | 0–0.2 | 183 | 58 | 0.9 | 0–1900 | >10,000 | 7384 |
| Tubes, roof and products | 0.7 | 0.5–0.8 | 0.1 | 0–0.1 | 261 | 83 | 0.3 | 0–1900 | >10,000 | >10,000 |
| Beans and products | 3.9 | 3.6–4.1 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 44 | 14 | 9.8 | 9208–10,158 | 2142 | 678 |
| Tofu | 0.3 | 0–0.6 | 0.0 | 0–0.1 | 532 | 168 | 0.3 | 0–1900 | >10,000 | >10,000 |
| Oily seeds | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 287 | 91 | 0.1 | 0–1900 | >10,000 | >10,000 |
| Vegetables | 18.9 | 18.9 | 2.0 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 5.2 | 0–1900 | 4,038 | 1278 |
| Sugar/confectionary | 6.8 | 5.5 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 25 | 10 | 1.6 | 413–1933 | >10,000 | 4153 |
| Oil, fat | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 347 | 110 | 0.2 | 987–1937 | >10,000 | >10,000 |
| Meat and products | 13.8 | 13.5–14.0 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 12 | 4 | 7.1 | 1339–3030 | 2957 | 936 |
| Egg and milk | 18.0 | 18 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 9 | 3 | 10.7 | 2927–3401 | 1962 | 621 |
| Fish | 1.3 | 1.0–1.6 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 133 | 42 | 1.2 | 1770–2720 | >10,000 | 5538 |
| Other aquaculture products | 0.4 | 0.3–0.6 | 0.0 | 0–0.1 | 384 | 122 | 0.9 | 4850 | >10,000 | 7384 |
| Total | 118.7 | 104.9–124.2 | 12.1 | 10.7–12.7 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 52.6 | 29.7–77.0 | 400 | 127 |
a Food groups were categorized followed those applied in data of National Survey in the year 2010 [16]. b Mean body weight (bw) of children was 11.3 kg. c Medium bound (MB) figures (ND = LOD/2) were used for mean. Lower bound (LB) and upper bound (UB) figures (ND = 0, ND = LOD) were used for range. d Children risk of hepatitis carcinogen is calculated on the assumption of HbsAg + prevalence 2% [14] and mean exposure. e MOE, Margin of exposure, based on the calculated as a ratio of benchmark dose lower limit 10% lower bound of AFB1 (170 ng/kw bw/day [6]) or OTA (21 µg/kg bw/day [27]) and MB of exposure. HCC, hepatocellular cancer; RC, renal cancer. f MOEs adjusted by age-dependent adjustment factors for children aged 2–16 (ADAF = 3.16) [28].