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. 2019 Nov 9;24(22):4062. doi: 10.3390/molecules24224062

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Immune checkpoint blocking effects of Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) extract and fractions tested by competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Effect of PD-L1 inhibitor C1, RVS extract and fractions on PD-1/PD-L1 binding activity (A); Effect of anti-CTLA-4 antibody, RVS extract and fractions on CTLA-4/CD80 binding activity (B). The relative binding activity was normalized to the relative percentage of the vehicle control group. Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) was calculated using Prism “log[inhibitor] vs. normalized response” equation. All results are presented as the mean value of three independent biological replicates. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, compared with the vehicle control group.

Immune checkpoint blocking effects of Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) extract and fractions tested by competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Effect of PD-L1 inhibitor C1, RVS extract and fractions on PD-1/PD-L1 binding activity (A); Effect of anti-CTLA-4 antibody, RVS extract and fractions on CTLA-4/CD80 binding activity (B). The relative binding activity was normalized to the relative percentage of the vehicle control group. Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) was calculated using Prism “log[inhibitor] vs. normalized response” equation. All results are presented as the mean value of three independent biological replicates. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, compared with the vehicle control group.